Antenatal
This ultrasound scan at 18-22 weeks is the primary screening for structural fetal abnormalities.
What is the morphology scan?
According to UKMEC, a woman with migraine with aura falls into this category for combined hormonal contraception.
What is Category 4 - unacceptable health risk?
What is 51 years?
This is defined as non-cyclic pelvic pain lasting for more than 6 months.
Persistent pelvic pain (PPP)
The two most common causes of secondary post-partum haemorrhage.
What is endometritis or retained products of conception?
This newborn screening test, done at approximately 5 days of age, detects PKU, MCADD, and cystic fibrosis among other conditions.
What is the newborn blood spot test?
Booking blood tests typically include FBC, blood group and antibodies, plus serology for these three infections.
What are hepatitis B/C, syphillis, and rubella?
In Queensland, termination is available on request up to this gestational age.
What are previous history of breast cancer and active thromboembolic disease?
Name two common gynaecological causes of persistent pelvic pain.
Endometriosis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Also acceptable: Adenomyosis, ovarian cysts, adhesions, fibroids
List two benefits of breastfeeding for the mother.
What are enhanced uterine involution and reduced risk of certain cancers (breast/ovarian)?
In neonatal resuscitation, this intervention is the priority if HR is <100bpm and the newborn is apnoeic.
What is positive pressure ventilation (PPV)?
A short cervix (<25mm) in mid-pregnancy can be managed with this progesterone-based intervention to prevent pre-term birth.
What is prophylactic vaginal progesterone?
This contraceptive is associated with reduced bone mineral density.
What is Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate injection)?
Vaginal atrophy symptoms occur due to changes in this vaginal characteristic.
What is loss of elasticity and epithelial thinning due to low oestrogen?
List three psychological factors that may contribute to persistent pelvic pain.
What are depression, anxiety, and a history of sexual trauma?
(Also acceptable: PTSD, catastrophising, poor coping skills)
Defined as a temperature ≥38°C on any 2 of the first 10 days postpartum (excluding the first 24 hours), this condition often results from endometritis, mastitis, or wound infection.
What is puerperal pyrexia?
Delayed lung clearance, more common after elective caesarean, causes this condition.
What is transient tachypnoea of the newborn (TTN)?
This is the leading cause of neonatal death worldwide.
What is prematurity?
This contraceptive method can be started immediately postpartum and is safe while breastfeeding.
What is the progesteron-only pill (POP)?
List two long-term health risks that increase after menopause.
This examination finding has a high negative predictive value if absent in PID.
Purulent vaginal discharge
The first-line treatment for a milk bleb on a nipple.
What is a topical steroid?
A term infant develops jaundice within 12 hours of birth. This is considered pathological and is most often due to one of these two causes.
What is infection or haemolysis?
Intrapartum stillbirth is most commonly caused by this event.
What is birth asphyxia due to hypoxia-ischaemia?
This form of contraceptive is associated with an increased risk of heavy bleeding, and is not recommended in women with a history of heavy menstrual bleeding.
Name two non-hormonal agents that can reduce vasomotor symptoms.
What are SSRIs/SNRIs, clonidine, or gabapentin?
Name the next best management approach for a patient with severe dysmenorrhoea unresponsive to NSAIDs but with a normal transvaginal ultrasound.
Combined oral contraceptive pill or IUD
The most common pathogen causing maternal death from sepsis.
Group A Streptococcus
E.coli is the most common cause of bacterial infection (but not death)
Name two maternal conditions that increase neonatal hypoglycaemia risk.
What are gestational diabetes and maternal beta-blocker use?
List three other potential complications of invasive prenatal diagnostic procedures besides miscarriage.
What are infection (chorioamnionitis), bleeding/spotting, and injury to the fetus?
Also acceptable: cramping, maternal sepsis (in rare cases)
Enzyme-inducing drugs require doubling the dose of this emergency contraceptive pill.
What is levonorgestrel?
Decline of this ovarian peptide hormone leads to rising FSH and LH in perimenopause.
What is inhibin B?
Name the two primary theories for the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
What are...
Sampson's Implantation Theory (retrograde menstruation allowing endometrial cells to flow into the peritoneal cavity)
Meyer's Coelomic Metaplasia Theory (peritoneal cells derived from the coelomic epithelium can transform/metaplasia into endometrial-like tissue under hormonal or inflammatory stimulation)
The physiological process which occurs in the second trimester, leading to the production of colostrum.
What is lactogenesis I?
Lactogenesis II occurs 3 days post-partum, and refers to the development of mature milk
In newborn resuscitation, delaying this action until after ventilation or breathing begins optimises cardiovascular transition.
What is cord clamping?