ECG
What is the normal sweep speed on a 12-lead ECG?
25mm/sec
Which drug is most commonly used to treat acute ventricular arrhythmias?
Amiodarone
What is the most common mechanism for thrombus formation?
Plaque rupture
What is the most common indication for a pacemaker?
Symptomatic bradycardia due to sinus node dysfunction or heart block
Which structure is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?
Alveoli
What does one large box on the ECG paper represent in ms?
200 ms (0.2 sec)
Which of the following medications is contraindicated in patients with a history of heart block and bradycardia due to its negative chronotropic effects?
A) Metoprolol
B) Verapamil
C) Lisinopril
D) Furosemide
B.) Verapamil
What is the most common complication of ECMO?
Bleeding
Which of the following types of pacemakers is used to treat bradycardia with heart block, where the atria and ventricles beat independently?
A) Single-chamber pacemaker
B) Dual-chamber pacemaker
C) Biventricular pacemaker
D) External temporary pacemaker
B) Dual-chamber pacemaker
What is the gold standard for confirming endotracheal tube (ETT) placement?
Capnography
What is the first part of the ventricles to depolarise?
Septum
Name 2 anticoagulant drugs that inhibit factor Xa
A 62-year-old male presents with chest pain and an ECG showing ST-segment elevation in leads II, III, and aVF. Which of the following is the most likely culprit vessel?
RCA
What is the downfall of a single chamber pacemaker?
Lack of A-V synchrony
What is the most common cause of acute pulmonary oedema (APO) in a patient with heart failure
Left ventricular systolic dysfunction
An rSR pattern in V1 is most commonly seen in which abnormal ventricular activation sequence?
Right bundle branch block
Which of the following drugs increases myocardial contractility and is commonly used in the management of acute heart failure with low ejection fraction?
A) Lisinopril
B) Dobutamine
C) Metoprolol
D) Furosemide
B.) Dobutamine
In a patient with acute STEMI, who is treated with primary PCI and has a high thrombus burden, which of the following adjunctive therapies is most likely to improve outcomes?
A) Intracoronary vasodilators (e.g., nitroglycerin)
B) Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors
C) Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and warfarin
D) Anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparin only
B) Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors
What part of the conduction system must be intact to implant a single chamber pacemaker (V lead)?
AV node
The carina is located at the bifurcation of the trachea into the left and right bronchi. At what vertebral level does the carina typically lie?
T4
An ECG shows a rate of 180 bpm, wide QRS complexes, and no P waves. What is the likely diagnosis?
Ventricular tachycardia
Which of the following medications is a neprilysin inhibitor combined with an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) and is used in the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?
A) Sacubitril/valsartan
B) Enalapril
C) Spironolactone
D) Carvedilol
A) Sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto)
Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) improves myocardial oxygen supply in patients with cardiogenic shock?
A) Increased preload to the left ventricle
B) Decreased afterload during diastole
C) Enhanced coronary artery vasoconstriction
D) Increased heart rate and contractility
B) Decreased afterload during diastole
A patient with a temporary trans-venous pacemaker develops failure to capture and elevated lead impedance. What is the most likely cause?
Lead dislodgement
A 58-year-old woman with a history of pneumonia presents with hypoxemia and tachypnea. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis reveals a PaO2 of 55 mmHg with a normal PaCO2. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Type 1 Respiratory failure