Councils
This council in A.D. 325 condemned Arianism and affirmed that Jesus is “consubstantial” with the Father.
What is the Council of Nicaea?
This “Holy Roman Emperor” crowned by Pope Leo III in 800 helped revive Western Christendom.
Who is Charlemagne?
This pope called for the First Crusade in 1095 at the Council of Clermont.
ho is Pope Urban II?
This 4th-century priest from Alexandria denied the full divinity of Christ, giving rise to a major heresy condemned at Nicaea.
Who is Arius?
Bonus: Who punched him?
In this Italian city in 1263, a dying priest doubted the Real Presence, and the host reportedly bled onto the corporal.
Where is Bolsena, Italy (Basilica of Saint Christina)?
This council, held from 1545–1563, addressed the Protestant Reformation and reformed the liturgy and sacraments.
What is the Council of Trent?
This French king, baptized as a child, converted to Christianity as an adult and is called the “Apostle of France.”
Who is Clovis I?
This city was the primary goal of the First Crusade and was captured in 1099.
What is Jerusalem?
This 16th-century reformer rejected papal authority and initiated a major Protestant movement in Germany.
Who is Martin Luther?
In this 8th-century French city, a host preserved for centuries was said to remain incorrupt.
Where is Lanciano, Italy (Church of San Francesco)?
This council in 1962–1965 modernized the Church’s liturgy, emphasized the role of the laity, and encouraged engagement with the modern world.
What is the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II)?
This English queen restored Catholicism after the brief Protestant reign of her half-brother Edward VI.
Who is Mary I of England (“Bloody Mary”)?
This Muslim leader recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187.
Who is Saladin?
This medieval theologian was condemned as a heretic for advocating dualism and extreme poverty.
Who is Peter Waldo / Waldensians?
In this 17th-century Polish city, a consecrated host reportedly turned visibly into flesh during Mass.
Where is Sokółka, Poland (Parish Church of the Holy Spirit)?
This council in 431 condemned Nestorianism, affirming that Christ is one Person with two natures.
What is the Council of Ephesus?
This Spanish king funded Christopher Columbus’ voyage and defended Catholicism in Spain during the Reconquista.
Who is Ferdinand II of Aragon?
This military order, founded to protect pilgrims and the Holy Land, became one of the most famous Crusader knights.
What is the Knights Templar?
This Englishman rejected transubstantiation and was executed in 1415 at the Council of Constance.
Who is John Wycliffe?
This Eucharistic Miracle in 700s France was investigated by St. Thomas Aquinas and inspired him to write the hymn “Pange Lingua.”
What is the Feast of Corpus Christi - the host reportedly showed miraculous signs. (Bologna, Italy Basilica of Saint Mary of the Angels)?
This council in 787 restored the veneration of icons after the period of Byzantine Iconoclasm.
What is the Second Council of Nicaea?
This Habsburg ruler presided over much of Europe during the Counter-Reformation and was a staunch defender of Catholicism.
Who is Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor?
This Crusade (1202–1204) never reached the Holy Land and instead resulted in the sacking of a Christian city.
What is the Fourth Crusade (sacking of Constantinople)?
This Italian philosopher and reformer denied the authority of the Pope and the sacraments and was executed in 1308.
Who is Dante’s contemporary, Girolamo Savonarola?
This Eucharistic Miracle in Argentina in 1996 was scientifically tested and found to be human heart tissue showing signs of suffering.
Where is Buenos Aires, Argentina (Parish of San Ignacio) The Miracle of Buenos Aires?