Anatomy
These fibrous cords connect the papillary muscles to the cusps of the AV valves and prevent valve prolapse during ventricular contraction.
What are the chordae tendineae?
This antiplatelet drug irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase, decreasing thromboxane A₂ formation.
What is aspirin?
A healthy person goes from standing to lying supine. What happens to venous return, stroke volume, and heart rate?
↑ VR, ↑ SV, ↓ HR
A patient develops an LAD thrombus over an atherosclerotic plaque. Which component of Virchow's triad is primarily responsible?
Endothelial injury
Which of the three primary germ layers forms the histologically definitive endocardium of the adult heart?
What is the Mesoderm?
The main intercostal neurovascular bundle runs along the inferior border of a rib. From superior → inferior, what is the order of its three structures?
What is Vein → Artery → Nerve (VAN)?
A patient taking an antihypertensive develops a persistent dry cough. What class of drug is most likely responsible?
What is an ACE inhibitor?
A patient has an acute hemorrhage. What happens to arterial baroreceptor firing, sympathetic activity, and total peripheral resistance?
↓ firing, ↑ sympathetic, ↑ TPR
A patient develops a DVT after a long flight. What component of Virchow's triad initiated the thrombosis, and where is the most dangerous place that thrombus can travel?
Stasis → pulmonary arteries → PE
The conus arteriosus is derived from which of the following?
What is the Bulbus Cordis?
A myocardial perfusion scan shows ischemia of the inferior wall of the left ventricle. In the majority of people, which coronary artery is most likely involved?
What is the right coronary artery (RCA)?
A patient taking warfarin develops major bleeding and has an INR of 8.1. What drug can be given to reverse warfarin's anticoagulant effect?
What is phytonadione (vitamin K₁)?
Resistance in a precapillary arteriole increases. What happens to capillary hydrostatic pressure and capillary filtration downstream?
↓ Pc and ↓ filtration
A 12-year-old has linear yellow streaks in the aorta at autopsy. Histology shows macrophages filled with oxidized LDL. What are these cells called?
Foam cells
A 6-year-old child complaints of numbness and tingling in both feet and muscle weakness, nosebleeds. On examination: no pulse in the femoral artery, increased blood pressure in the arteries of the upper extremity. What is the most probable diagnosis?
Postductal coarctation of the aorta
A cardiac surgeon passes a clamp posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk but anterior to the SVC. Through what anatomical space is the clamp passing?
What is the transverse pericardial sinus?
A patient receiving unfractionated heparin develops severe thrombocytopenia. Which direct thrombin inhibitor can be used instead?
What is bivalirudin?
The abdominal aorta is suddenly clamped. On the LV pressure-volume loop, what happens to afterload, ESV, and stroke volume?
↑ afterload, ↑ ESV, ↓ SV
A 32-year-old woman with fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery develops persistent hypertension. Which hormone would be expected to be increased as a direct consequence of the affected kidney sensing reduced perfusion?
What is Renin?
Failure of the sixth aortic arch arteries to form would lead to loss of blood supply to which of the following essential organs?
What are the lungs?
During catheter ablation, the physician needs to locate the AV node. It lies in the right atrium near the insertion of the septal tricuspid leaflet and the opening of what venous structure?
What is the coronary sinus?
When warfarin therapy is initiated, this natural anticoagulant falls rapidly and creates a temporary hypercoagulable state, explaining why patients may initially require heparin bridging.
What is protein C?
A large arteriovenous fistula is created. Predict the changes in TPR, venous return, and cardiac output.
↓ TPR, ↑ VR, ↑ CO
A 34-year-old man with no significant medical history is found to have persistent hypertension. Laboratory studies show a serum potassium of 3.2 mEq/L, and abdominal imaging reveals a unilateral adrenal mass. Further testing shows increased sodium retention and expansion of intravascular volume. Which pattern of renin and ANP levels would most likely be present?
↓ Renin, ↑ ANP
A newborn is evaluated for cyanosis shortly after birth. PE reveals single loud S2 and a harsh systolic murmur. Echo shows a single large vessel overriding a ventricular septal defect, supplying both the sytemic and pulmonary circulations. No evidence of separate aorta or pulmonary artery. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is Persistant truncus arteriosus?