Thermodynamics
What type of reaction absorbs energy from the surroundings?
An Endothermic reaction
Name the three primary subatomic particles.
Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
What is entropy?
Meaurement of disorder or randomness.
How do gas particles behave in a closed container?
Gas particles move freely and collide with each other and the walls of the container, contributing to the pressure.
What holds nearly all the mass in an Atom?
The Nucleus
Explain the concept of absolute Zero.
Absolute zero is the theoretical temperature at which particles have minimum thermal motion, equivalent to 0 Kelvin or -273.15 C
What is the significance of the atomic number?
The atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom, which determines the elements identity.
Define thermodynamics in chemistry.
Thermodynamics in chemistry refers to the study of energy transformations during chemical reactions.
State Boyle's law.
States that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature. P1V1=P2V2
What is an Isotope?
an isotope is a variant of a chemical element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
Photosynthesis is a good example of what law of thermodynamic?
First law of thermodynamics
Describe themain model of the atom proposed by Thomson.
Atoms are made of positively charged "pudding" with negatively charged electrons embedded within it.
What does an increase in entropy indicate?
an increase in entropy indicates a greater disorder or randomness in the system.
What is charle's law? explain relations and formula.
Charles's law states that the volume of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant pressure. V1/T1= V2/T2
What is the difference between physical and chemical changes?
Physical changes alter the form of a substance without changing its chemical composition. While a chemical changes results in new substance be formed.
Describe the energy changes in an endothermic reaction.
Energy is absorbed from the surroundings, leading to a decrease in temperature in the immediate environment.
Explain the electrical forces.
Opposites attract, and like charges repel
What is average kinetic energy?
the mathematical average of the individual kinetic energies of all the particles in a substance or object.
What happens to gas volume if pressure increases? And what Law?
If pressure increases, gas volume decreases. Boyle's Law
What are the assumptions of kinetic molecular theory regarding gas particles?
gas particles are in constant motion, have negligible volume, and experience elastic collisions with one another and the walls of their container.
What is enthalpy?
measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system
Explain Niel Bohrs model.
In 1913, Electrons moved around the nucleus in orbits of fixed sizes and energies.
What is the SI unit of energy?
the joule (J)
What are real-life applications of gas laws?
Real-life application include breathing (lung function, car engines and weather ballons.
Describe the process of a chemical reaction.
A chemical reaction involves the transfomation of reactants into products, typically involving the breaking and forming of chemical bonds.