Gender Concepts & Identities
Gender Concepts & Identities
Societal Issues on Gender
Key Thinkers & Theorists
Feminist Waves & Key Concepts
Global & Philosophical Perspectives
100
This concept describes gender not as a fixed binary (male/female) but as a range of identities and expressions that exist along a continuum.
What is the gender spectrum?
100
This concept describes the unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender, often embedded in social structures and institutions.
What is gender inequality?
100
This Filipino activist and founding chairperson of MAKIBAKA wrote the 1971 essay "Liberated Women II."
Who is Ma. Lorena Barros?
100
This term describes the first wave of feminism, which focused primarily on legal issues and the right to vote.
What is suffrage? (or the Suffragette Movement)
100
This is the name of the radical feminist organization in the Philippines that Barros helped found in 1970.
What is MAKIBAKA?
200
This concept describes the process through which individuals learn and internalize the gender expectations, norms, and behaviors of their society from a young age.
What is gender socialization? (or socialization)
200
This term describes the societal expectation that men should be emotionally stoic, dominant, and avoid anything perceived as "feminine."
What is toxic masculinity?
200
This 19th-century thinker argued that monogamous marriage was a historical construct tied to the rise of private property, not a natural or eternal institution.
Who is Friedrich Engels?
200
This slogan is most closely associated with the second wave of feminism, emphasizing that personal experiences are rooted in political structures.
What is "The Personal Is Political"?
200
This concept, central to Engels's analysis, describes a family form where descent and inheritance are traced through the mother's line.
What is matriarchy? (or mother-right)
300
This term describes the quality of gender identity or expression that is not fixed, can change over time, or shifts depending on context—challenging the idea that gender is permanent.
What is gender fluidity?
300
This term describes the invisible barrier that prevents women from advancing to the highest levels of leadership in workplaces.
What is the glass ceiling?
300
This historian's 1999 article examines the debate between feminists and social scientists in Europe and the U.S. (1860–1914) over the origins of the family.
Who is Ann Taylor Allen?
300
According to Walters, this decade saw a "new wave" of feminism that examined issues of liberation and the difficulties women still faced despite legal gains.
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300
Allen argues that the feminist debate on the family was part of a broader intellectual conflict over the meaning of this concept in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
What is modernity?
400
This term describes the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as gender, race, class, and sexuality, creating overlapping systems of discrimination or disadvantage.
What is intersectionality? (by Kimberlé Crenshaw) 
400
This term refers to the domestic and caregiving work that is often unpaid, invisible, and disproportionately performed by women worldwide.
What is unpaid labor? (or reproductive labor)
400
This philosopher's "Feminist History of Philosophy" (2012) examines how the Western philosophical canon has historically excluded or misrepresented women.
Who is Charlotte Witt?
400
According to Kroløkke and Sørensen, this generation of feminists came of age in the 1990s and embraced popular culture, irony, and individual expression.
Who are the Grrls? (Third Wave)
400
Witt argues that this concept, central to Western philosophy, has historically been "gendered male."
What is reason? (or rationality)
500
This theoretical perspective argues that gender is not a fixed identity but something we "do" or perform through repeated actions and social interactions.
What is gender performativity? (by Judith Butler)
500
This term describes the systematic disparity in earnings between men and women for performing the same or comparable work.
What is the gender pay gap?
500
This author challenges the "wave" metaphor in her 2010 article, arguing that it implies a linear and problematic progression in feminist history.
Who is Linda Nicholson?
500
According to Engels, the primary purpose of the monogamous family in capitalist societies was to ensure this.
What is the inheritance of private property?
500
This ancient Greek philosopher, a key figure in Witt's analysis, is critiqued for his views on the natural subordination of women in the household.
Who is Aristotle?