Intro, Overview, and Etiology
ABI includes injuries from stroke or tumors, while TBI results from external force.
What is the difference between acquired brain injury (ABI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI)?
Regulates sleep, wakefulness, and consciousness
What is the role of the reticular activating system?
Overactivation of the autonomic nervous system causing high heart rate and sweating
What is autonomic storming?
Attention, memory, executive functioning, processing speed
Which cognitive functions are most commonly affected by a traumatic brain injury (TBI)?
Depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), personality disorders
Which psychiatric disorders are most commonly seen in individuals with a brain injury?
To tailor rehabilitation to the individual’s personal goals and needs
What is the primary goal of a person-centered approach in brain injury rehabilitation?
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
Which federal laws provide education and accommodations for children with brain injuries?
To outline long-term medical, rehabilitation, and support needs
What is the purpose of a life care plan for a TBI patient?
Severity of injury, cognitive function, employer accommodations, and rehabilitation
Which factors influence return-to-work outcomes for individuals with TBI?
It includes all of the following: Coup/Contre-coup injury, Non-Traumatic Brain Injury, and Diffuse Axonal Injury
What is Acquired Brain Injury?
Brain and Spinal Cord
What makes up the Nervous System?
Level of consciousness, duration of amnesia, and Glasgow Coma Scale score
What are the key characteristics of mild, moderate, and severe brain injuries?
Prevents harmful substances from entering the brain
How does the blood-brain barrier protect the brain?
Blood clot formation leading to stroke or lung blockage
What are the major risks associated with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in brain injury patients?
Starting with basic skills like attention and progressing to complex skills like problem-solving
What is the hierarchical approach to cognitive rehabilitation?
A neurological condition that causes sudden, uncontrollable episodes of laughing or crying
What is pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?
Cultural beliefs influence attitudes toward treatment, recovery, and disability
How do cultural differences impact rehabilitation outcomes?
Increased risk of PTSD and difficulties returning to duty or civilian life
What is a unique challenge faced by military personnel with TBI?
A legal document that allows a designated person to make healthcare decisions for an individual with a severe brain injury
What is Power of Attorney?
The degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure
What does the term 'validity' refer to in outcome measurement tools?
Calculating change in your head before giving it back to a customer
Which is an example of working memory?
Spasticity and hyperreflexia
What are examples of Musculoskeletal Consequences of TBI?
Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
Which chronic conditions can be caused or accelerated by TBI?
The brain’s ability to rewire and form new neural connections. After a TBI, it plays a crucial role in recovert by:
Recruiting alternative pathways
Strengthening existing connections
Synaptic Prunning and Growth
Experience-Dependent Learning:
Neurochemical Changes
What is neuroplasticity, and how does it aid recovery after a brain injury?
It disrupts the body's ability to regulate temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate.
How does a TBI affect the autonomic nervous system?
Teaching individuals to use external aids or strategies to work around cognitive deficits
What is the purpose of a compensatory approach to cognitive rehabilitation?
It can worsen cognitive deficits, impair judgment, and increase injury risk
Why is substance misuse a major concern in individuals with TBI?
A condition where medical treatment unintentionally causes additional harm
What is iatrogenesis in the context of brain injury rehabilitation?
Managing behavioral changes, educational challenges, and long-term care needs
What challenges do caregivers of children with TBI face?
To coordinate medical care, rehabilitation services, and community resources for patients
What is the purpose of case management in TBI rehabilitation?
Cognitive impairments, fatigue, and lack of employer accommodations
What is a common barrier to returning to work for individuals with TBI?
Language and Memory are generally associated to this region
Temporal lobes
37x higher than the general population
What is the risk of death from a seizure disorder after a TBI?
It recognized that people with disabilities, including TBI, have the right to community-based care.
What was the significance of the Olmstead decision in brain injury rehabilitation?
CT scan and MRI
What types of brain imaging techniques are commonly used in diagnosing brain injuries?
Loss of vision, difficulty swallowing, and facial paralysis
What are the common complications of cranial nerve damage following a brain injury?
Positive reinforcement, behavior modification, structured routines
Which behavioral strategies are commonly used in brain injury rehabilitation?
Difficulty in understanding consequences, impaired decision-making, and emotional instability
What are the challenges of treating substance use disorder (SUD) in individuals with TBI?
Building trust and effective communication between patient and provider
What is an essential component of a therapeutic relationship in rehabilitation?
It helps prepare them for adulthood by addressing education, employment, and independent living goals
Why is an Individualized Transition Plan (ITP) important for adolescents with brain injuries?
Financial scams, coercion, and abuse of guardianship power
What is an example of legal exploitation that individuals with TBI may be vulnerable to?
They track progress, guide treatment plans, and assess the effectiveness of interventions
What are outcome measures?
When a survivor begins to escalate, you have trained the spouse to say "I don't feel comfortable when you yell and swear. It scares me. I'm going to leave for a while and give you a little time"
What is an example of Negative Punishment?
Giving a reward/reinforcer following each desired response
What is an example of Continuous Reinforcement?
A nationwide program that provides long-term rehabilitation research and care for TBI patients.
What is the Model Systems of Care?
It helps the brain adapt through repeated experiences and practice.
How does experience-dependent learning contribute to brain recovery?
They cause muscle stiffness and limit movement, leading to pain and disability.
How can spasticity and contractures impact the recovery process?
A model that emphasizes the need for safety, self-awareness, and emotional regulation
What is the stability triangle in behavior management after a TBI?
Neurochemical changes in the brain combined with psychological and social stressors
What is the primary factor contributing to depression after a TBI?
It helps compensate for cognitive impairments by providing tools such as memory aids and speech-to-text devices
What role does assistive technology play in cognitive rehabilitation?
Blast injuries often involve primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary mechanisms of damage
How do military-related blast injuries differ from civilian TBIs?
Provides workplace protections for individuals with TBI by requiring reasonable accommodations?
What is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?
Early intervention with rehabilitation and consistent follow-up care
Which factor can significantly improve long-term functional outcomes after a TBI?
Sensory integration is generally associated here
Parietal lobes
It is the acronym used to evaluate and characterize headache
What is COLDER?