Uno
What pathologic changes can be seen in the lungs of patients with severe COVID-19 infection?
1. diffuse alveolar damage as part of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
2. Lung injury can be temporally heterogeneous, with patterns of healing alongside new injury.
3. thrombosis of micro-circulation and larger vessels. 4. neutrophil-rich inflammation,
What is the role of immune system in the pathogenesis of COVID-19?
viral replication results in direct virus-mediated tissue damage. In the late phase, the infected host cells trigger an immune response by recruiting T lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils.
What does AIDS stand for?
(Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
Hemophilia A= deficiency in what?
Hemophilia A= Factor 8 (eh=eight)
Hemophilia B= Factor 9 (benign=B9)
What is the mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV:
without treatment?
with treatment?
What are the essential components of SARS-CoV-2 virus?
SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus with a linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome.
It has four structural proteins, known as the S (spike), E (envelope), M (membrane), and N (nucleocapsid) proteins.
The N protein constitutes the nucleocapsid that holds the RNA genome, and the S, E, and M proteins together create the viral envelope.
What is a cytokine storm?
In severe COVID-19 illness, a 'cytokine storm' is seen. This is due to the over-activation of the immune system and high levels of cytokines in circulation. This results in a local and systemic inflammatory response.
Define AIDS.
The advanced stage of HIV infection, defined by severe immunosuppression with a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count below 200 cells/μL or the presence of specific opportunistic infections and malignancies.
How is HIV monitored?
Measuring:
HIV RNA viral load
CD4 cell count
What encapsulated organisms are at higher risk in splenectomy patients?
"Have No Spleen"
Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae
What roles do the S (spike), E (envelope), M (membrane), and N (nucleocapsid) proteins play in the infection?
The N protein constitutes the nucleocapsid that holds the RNA genome, and the S, E, and M proteins together create the viral envelope.
The spike protein is the protein allows the virus to attach to and fuse with the membrane of a host cell. (has affinity for binding the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on cells)
What cytokines are released in COVID-19 infection?
Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF α), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12 and interferon (IFN)-γ are released.
List opportunistic infections in AIDS
Three ways HIV is acquired?
Sexual contact (most common)
Blood exposure
Mother-to-child transmission
How does the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 vaccination work in individuals with HIV?
COVID-19 vaccines help protecting HIV patients against fatal SARS-CoV-2 infections, but lower efficacy in people with HIV.
HIV higher risk of prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infections and significantly longer viral shedding
More accumulation of multiple mutations =resistance
Two malignancies in AIDS
Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
What are CD4 cells and their role?
CD4+ T cells or "helper T cells": commanders of the human immune system.
Detect pathogens send cytokines to coordinate other immune cells—such as B cells, macrophages, and CD8 killer T cells—to destroy invaders like bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
True or False: People with HIV infection have increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infections.
False, HIV infection itself does not increase the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infections