Learning Theory
B.F. Skinner used this type of reinforcement to increase a behavior by removing something unpleasant.
negative reinforcement
After narrowly missing a car accident, a driver quickly appraises the situation as dangerous and then feels fear. This supports this cognitive theory of emotion.
Lazarus cognitive appraisal theory
Aaron Beck developed CBT to treat this disorder, which he noticed was maintained by persistent negative thoughts and beliefs.
Depression
DBT was originally developed by Marsha Linehan to treat this mental health disorder, characterized by emotional dysregulation and unstable relationships.
Borderline Personality Disorder
During a panic attack, a client dunks their face in cold water to activate the mammalian dive reflex and calm down. This distress tolerance skill is called this.
TIP (Temperature, Intense Exercise, Paced Breathing, Paired Muscle Relaxation)
A therapist notices that a client begins to feel anxious whenever they hear a certain ringtone, after repeatedly receiving distressing calls from their ex-partner. This response illustrates this classical conditioning concept.
conditioned emotional response
According to this theory, you feel afraid after noticing your racing heart and trembling hands when you see a snake.
James-Lange theory of emotion
A client fails a test and immediately thinks, “I’m a complete failure.” According to CBT, this kind of immediate, unexamined thought is known as this.
automatic thoughts
A client uses the “observe, describe, and participate” skills to notice their feelings without judgment during an argument. They are using this DBT skill module.
A client believes, “If I fail at something, it means I’m a total failure as a person.” According to Ellis, this kind of rigid, global self-evaluation is an example of this.
irrational belief (or global self-downing)
In a residential treatment center, a resident who initially feared bedtime due to past trauma begins to relax when soft music is played beforehand every night. Over time, the music alone helps reduce anxiety. The music is now functioning as this.
conditioned stimulus
While giving a public speech, a person notices their heart racing and feels fear at the same time. This supports this theory, which argues that physiological arousal and emotion occur simultaneously.
Cannon-Bard theory
A client often assumes others dislike them and feels unworthy in relationships. These repeated patterns point to this deeper level of belief in Beck’s model.
core belief
A teen feels overwhelmed by shame after making a mistake and skips school. Their therapist helps them identify the emotion, label it, and change their response. This is part of this DBT skill module.
emotion regulation
In REBT, this confrontational yet therapeutic technique is used to dispute irrational thoughts and replace them with logical alternatives.
cognitive disputation (or rational disputation)
This occurs when a conditioned response weakens and eventually disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
extinction
In a classic study, participants misattributed their arousal on a shaky bridge to romantic attraction. This supports this two-factor theory, which says emotion comes from arousal plus a cognitive label.
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
A client says, “If I’m not perfect at my job, I’ll be fired.” This is an example of this common cognitive distortion targeted in CBT
What is all-or-nothing thinking (or black-and-white thinking)
A client practices asking for a raise at work using the “DEAR MAN” skill. This falls under which DBT module?
interpersonal effectiveness
Meichenbaum’s stress inoculation training (SIT) involves three stages: conceptualization, skills acquisition, and this final phase.
application (and follow-through) or real-world application
A clinical psychologist working with a client who has ADHD implements a token economy system where tokens are awarded for staying on task and can be exchanged for time playing a preferred game. This intervention relies on this operant principle
positive reinforcement
A person from a collectivist culture feels guilty and anxious after expressing personal success in front of others, while someone from an individualistic culture might feel pride. This illustrates how emotions are shaped by this.
cultural context
A CBT therapist helps a client examine the evidence for and against the belief “I’m going to embarrass myself at the party,” and then create a more balanced thought. This technique is known as this.
cognitive restructuring (or cognitive reappraisal)
The following is:
WHAT SKILLS
Name the third-wave CBT theories discussed in class
DBT
ACT
MBSR
MBCT