Identify the Appeal
Which rhetorical appeal focuses on logic, facts, and evidence?
What is logos
“The sun smiled down on us.”
What is personification
Attacking the person instead of their argument.
ad hominem
A speaker tells a short story about their own life to connect with the audience.
Anecdote
That test was a piece of cake!
Idiom
A politician says, “As a parent, I understand what families are going through.”
What is ethos?
“He ran like a cheetah.”
Simile
Saying something is true because many people believe it.
Bandwagon
Marcelo is good at communicating because he’s great at talking to people.
Circular Argument Fallacy
I have a MILLION things to do afterschool today
Hyperbole
An ad shows scared people and says, “This law will keep you safe,” without giving data.
What is pathos?
“I have told you a million times.”
claiming a position will lead to a series of unintended negative consequences in an exaggerated manner
Slippery slope fallacy
Government of the people, by the people, for the people
Antistrophe
"My opponent wants fewer rules on businesses, which means they don’t care if workers get hurt "
Strawman
Pathos
“All the world’s a stage.”
Metaphor
Presuming only two options exist
False dichotomy
A speaker starts by talking directly to the audience: “Judge, listen carefully…”
Direct Address
"To be, or not to be"
Antithesis
A commercial uses a famous doctor to recommend a product without explaining why it works.
- identify the appeal AND the fallacy
What is appeal to authority & ethos?
“We demand justice now. We demand fairness now. We demand change now.”
Anaphora
Someone attempts to protect a universal generalization (e.g., "all A are B") from counterexamples by changing the definition of the group to exclude the exception
What is No True Scotsman
A speech opens with action already happening
In Medias Res
A speaker said a policy would open a "Pandoras box" of issues