Stromal Tumors
Fibrocystic Changes
Breast Cancer
100
This type of stromal tumor is often described as a "well-defined, solid, mobile mass"
Fibroadenoma
100
Simple cysts, a common form of fibrocystic changes, presents with what appearance on a gross exam?
"Blue-Domed"
100
'Triple-Negative' breast cancer is negative for ER, PR, and HER2/neu and has a ______ prognosis
poor
200
This type of stromal tumor is described histologically as "leaf-like growths of stroma covered by epithelial cells"
Phyllodes Tumor
200
Simple cysts occur in the functional unit of the breast, also known as the...?
Terminal Ductal Lobular Unit
200
Homologous Recombination is defective in breast/ovarian cancers with ________ mutations
BRCA1/2
300
Which type of stromal tumor is hormone-sensitive?
Fibroadenoma
Note, Phyllodes Tumors can very rarely be hormone sensitive. But the vast majority of them are not due to the lack of Estrogen and Progesterone receptor expression.
300
When a cyst ruptures, its contents can make contact with nearby structures. If the inflammation associated with the rupture is not treated, eventually it can lead to what change in the nearby tissue?
Fibrosis
300
Breast cancer that is ER+ and PR+ is most likely to respond to anti-estrogenic agents such as __________
tamoxifen
400
While stromal tumors are considered benign breast conditions, one class can rarely present in high-grade, malignant forms. Which class?
Phyllodes Tumors
Note: low-grade forms are similar to fibroadenomas. Only high-grade variants can metastasize.
400
DAILY DOUBLE
Fibrocystic changes are believed to be the result of hormonal fluctuations, particularly estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is known to promote proliferation (hyperplasia) of ductal epithelial cells, increasing the density of breast tissue. This contributes to the nodularity or "lumpiness" that are often palpable. Describe the role of progesterone (What it acts on and what is causes)
Progesterone acts on the lobules and promotes the development and differentiation of lobular tissue.
Can lead to the formation of small cysts and fibrosis as the body attempts to repair and reorganize the glandular structures that have undergone repetitive growth and regression.
400
Lobules and small ducts of breast tissue are present in highest density in the ________ quadrant
upper outer
500
Which class of stromal tumors have a hypoechoic appearance on breast ultrasound?
Both! ;)
Note: Hypoechoic = region that appears darker than the surrounding tissue. Dense fibrous and glandular tissue have increased absorption of ultrasound waves --> darker appearance.
500
This form of fibrocystic change is also known as "benign epithelial alterations"
Apocrine Metaplasia
Note: Alterations made to the lobular epithelial cells, causing them to take on the appearance of apocrine (glandular) cells
500
The following image represents the ________ carcinoma subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)
hint: the circled area is lymphatics
inflammatory