Chapter 1
What are the three most common markers of adulthood across developed countries?
Accepting responsibility for oneself, making independent decisions, and becoming financially independent.
How do girls who are unprepared for menarche typically react?
They often react with negative emotions such as fear, shame, shock, or bewilderment.
What is adolescent egocentrism?
A type of egocentrism where adolescents have difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others.
What is the key contrast between 'individualism' and 'collectivism' in cultural values?
Individualism prioritizes independence and self-expression, while collectivism places a higher value on obedience and conformity.
What does the 'Ethic of Divinity' focus on in moral reasoning?
It focuses on persons as spiritual or religious entities, including reasoning based on religious authority and texts.
What fifth feature of emerging adulthood is characterized by high hopes and the belief that many different futures remain possible?
Possibilities/optimism
An example of a(n) _____ effect is when a musically-talented child's parents enroll her in piano lessons.
evocative genotype → environment
According to research, what neurological process during emerging adulthood is implicated in the development of schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression?
Unusually rapid synaptic pruning of the gray matter.
Within the worldviews theory of moral development, which of the three ethics is concerned with individual rights, well-being, and fairness?
The Ethic of Autonomy
How is adolescent dating in the West an example of a custom complex?
It is a practice based on cultural beliefs in independent leisure time, free choice of partners, and acceptable premarital sexual experience.
What was life-cycle service, common in Europe from about 1500 to 1800?
A period where young people in their late teens and 20s moved into a 'master's' household for domestic service, farm service, or an apprenticeship.
How does ovulation consistency change in the years following menarche?
For the first few years after menarche, ovulation is often inconsistent and may not occur with every menstrual cycle.
What term describes the ability to discern evidence-based and unbiased information in media in order to make sound judgments?
Media literacy.
Which of the following beliefs is a central feature of what the text describes as 'Moralistic Therapeutic Deism'?
The central goal of life is to be happy and to feel good about oneself.
What is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?
A technique for measuring brain functioning during an ongoing activity by monitoring blood flow.
What is the most commonly used research measurement in social science?
The questionnaire.
Critics have termed female circumcision 'female genital mutilation' (FGM) due to what severe physical consequences?
Excessive bleeding, high risk of infection, chronic pain, and heightened risk of urinary infections and childbirth complications.
Which brain structure, important for higher functions like mathematics and social skills, is the last to stop growing?
The cerebellum
What is a central tenet of Moralistic Therapeutic Deism?
The central goal of life is to be happy and feel good about oneself.
While emerging adults have low rates of conventional political participation like voting, in what ways are they politically active?
They are more likely than older adults to be involved in organizations devoted to particular issues and to participate in demonstrations.
In a _____ sample, every person in the population has an equal chance of being selected for a study?
Random
How do age-graded school systems in developed countries intensify adolescents' awareness of their pubertal timing?
By grouping children based on age rather than developmental maturity, they highlight the wide variations in puberty among same-aged peers.
The process by which a formal operational thinker systematically tests possible solutions to a problem is known as _____ reasoning.
Hypothetical-deductive
What do the terms 'broad' and 'narrow' refer to in socialization?
They refer to the range of individual differences a culture allows or encourages.
Term: Asynchronicity
Definition: The uneven growth of different parts of the body during puberty, which can lead to a 'gangly' look.