Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
Fill in the Blank:
At each stage in Erikson's model, the child must face a new psychosocial _____ , which ultimately focuses on a particular aspect of their personality and relates to their relationship with others.
Crisis
What are the two types of moral reasoning children utilize when accessing a moral dilemma in their lives?
Heteronomous and Autonomous Morality
How many stages of moral reasonings are there, in the eyes of Kohlberg?
6 stages, but 3 main categories
Who did James Marcia base his work off of?
Erik Erikson
What is self-esteem?
How we evaluate our skills and abilities.
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 Years)
For this type of moral assessment, the intentions are more important than the actual result of one's behavior.
Autonomous Morality
How are the phases in Kohlberg's model distinguished between one another?
By "how the child or adult defines what he or she perceives as a moral behavior"
What are the four identity statuses proposed by James Marcia?
Foreclosure, Identity diffusion, Moratorium, and identity achievement.
What is self-concept?
The way we view our strengths, weaknesses, abilities, attitudes, and values.
Identity verses Role Confusion (age 12 to 18)
At what age do children start to understand the existence of rules, although they may not follow them.
In the post conventional level of moral reasoning, a person defines what as their morals principles to follow when making a decision?
They use their own values, regardless of the rules established by other.
In which of James Marcia’s stages does an adolescent experience the least anxiety?
Foreclosure
Children who are rejected by peers in their younger, elementary/middle school years will have poor _______ _______ and are higher risk for dropping out of school and engage in delinquent behavior.
Peer Acceptance
In this stage, if children are overly restricted by their parents, the child will feel a sense of powerlessness and incompetence. This will inevitably lead the child to feel a sense of shame or uncertainty in their own abilities. Name the age range for this stage
(BONUS POINTS FOR NAMING THE STAGE TOO)
Age 18 months to 3 years
BONUS: Autonomy vs. Doubt
At the age of 5 years old, children may exhibit this type of morality when accessing the results of an action.
Heteronomous Morality
In this stage, children believe that you should treat people the way you would like to be treated, leading to a decrease in egocentrism.
Conventional level
In what stage may an adolescent be actively experiencing an identity crisis?
Moratorium
How children look to others to understand their own selves in relation to their social environment.
Social Comparison
According to Piaget, children before the age of 6 are not capable of interacting in cooperative ways because they follow their own ________ rules, highlighting their inability to engage in moral reasoning.
Egocentric
How does the "Good Boy - Good Girl Orientation" describe moral reasoning in terms of behavior?
How can adolescents find their own identity?
They must experiment and remain flexible. They must test ways to be and modify them. Adolescents must had confidence to experiment and know when to vary behavior and drop characteristics that no longer fit them.
Name some of the criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory.
Females and males evaluate moral dilemmas in different ways. (Females focus on altruism and self-sacrifice while males tend to focus on rights and rules).
Some younger children show more sophisticated ways of reasoning about moral situations that Piaget and Kohlberg’s stage theory cannot explain.