Equations
The temperature of water most directly affects this type of constituent in the water - we use a constant value to describe it
What is dissolved gas concentration determined through Henry's Law?
Metals plus these can form complexes
What are ligands ?
a central metal plus ligands = a complex
The final step of both WW and DW treatment before release and/or distribution
What is disinfection
This is the constant used to describe solid (reactant) and products when dissolved
What is Ksp (solubility product)?
This is the cloudiness of water when particles are suspended within the water and units often used to describe it
What is turbidity and NTUs?-
Total suspended solids- would be mg/L - very similar value
Metals are typically the central portion of a complex surrounded by these types of ions
What are anions? these can be single atoms, molecules, and yes some uncharged (e.g., H2O)
Following wastewater treatment we want minimal values of what 3 constituents to maintain healthy water downstream.
What are BOD, SS, chlorine residual (also acceptable nutrients.
These are the four main types of applications of metal solubility in Env Eng.
What are chemical precipitation, metal removal, coagulation, and phosphate removal.
This is the best description of K constants as used in chemistry class
What is the ratio of products of reactants at equilibrium and given conditions (i.e., 25C and 1 atmosphere pressure). The reaction may be occurring but at the same rate both forward and backward. Under "real world" conditions we are often not at equilibrium- but the reaction is slowly approaching the value.
For water to be healthy, this needs to be true of the dissolved oxygen levels (what range is "healthy")
What is needing to be above 2 mg/L- saturated is about 8-10 mg/L
Equilibrium constants (K) for metal and ligand are written this way
What is step-wise? K1, K2, K3
Phosphate removal is generally through a ______ process.
What is chemical precipitation.
Because Ksp is a constant, and the activity/concentration of solids are represented by a 1 (pure solid) we can removal metals via precipitation of solids by doing this
What is adding more anion/ dissolved species of the ligand/anion
Along with half-cell reactions - what quantity do we need to know to solve a balanced chemical reaction for bacteria in WW treatment?
What is the fraction of energy that cells use for synthesis
To avoid the cumbersomeness of step-wise equilibrium constants for each additional ligand- we use this terminology, to write in a form that is easy to plot on a pH diagram we write the equation in this form indicated by a star (two part answer).
What is beta notation and protonated form.
Nitrate removal is generally through a ______ process.
What is biological
The slope equals negative 1 for species of this on a pH pC diagram.
What are metal hydroxides?
The 3 equations that need to be combined for determining energy transfer for bacterial systems in WW treatment
What are cell synthesis, electron donor, and electron acceptor.
One of the most common ligand complexes are metals and hydroxide. Generally at low pH we have this type of metal, and as pH increases the ligands each have more hydroxide and this type of charge
What is a free metal and negative charge?
What are 3 things that could be indicators of overall water quality you would want to know about water before you drank it?
What are pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, coliform bacteria concentration?
This is the shape of the upper portion of the graph when no solid is present compared to when a solid is always present
What is flat across (formed by multiple "humps" ) versus a U shape solid formed by straight lines?