Membrane Bound
A pancreatic acinar cell is actively secreting digestive enzymes. This organelle is especially abundant to modify and package those proteins for secretion.
What is the Golgi?
A mutation disrupts the structure responsible for organizing the mitotic spindle during cell division.
What is a centrosome?
Steroid hormones like cortisol pass directly through this cellular structure due to their lipid-soluble nature.
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
A mutation prevents mRNA from leaving the nucleus. Which process is directly impaired?
What is translation?
A chemotherapy drug prevents microtubule formation, arresting cells during this phase of mitosis.
What is metaphase?
A patient with Tay-Sachs disease has buildup of GM2 gangliosides due to failure of this organelle’s degradative enzymes.
What is lysosomes?
A toxin inhibits the structure responsible for translating mRNA into protein.
What is the ribsome?
A mutation alters carbohydrate chains on membrane proteins, leading to poor cell–cell recognition in immune cells. These membrane components are directly affected.
What is glycoproteins?
An antibiotic that binds the ribosomal subunit would primarily affect this cellular process.
What is translation?
Sister chromatids fail to separate properly, leading to aneuploidy. This error occurs during this phase.
What is anaphase?
A muscle biopsy shows extreme fatigue due to impaired ATP production. Dysfunction in which organelle would explain this?
What is mitochondia?
A patient with a mutation in desmin presents with muscle weakness due to loss of structural integrity between muscle fibers. This cytoskeletal element is defective.
What are intermediate filaments?
A lab experiment removes cholesterol from red blood cell membranes, causing the cells to become fragile and rupture easily. Cholesterol normally helps maintain this property.
What is membrane stability?
A mutation in RNA polymerase would impair the synthesis of this molecule.
What is mRNA?
The nuclear envelope begins to break down and spindle fibers form during this phase.
What is prophase?
A hepatocyte exposed to high levels of alcohol shows enlargement of this organelle responsible for detoxification.
What is SER?
During wound healing, fibroblasts migrate using this cytoskeletal element composed of actin.
What are microfilaments?
A patient has a mutation affecting a protein that spans the entire lipid bilayer and functions as a channel for ions. This type of membrane protein is defective.
What is an integral protein?
During protein synthesis, this RNA molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome
What is tRNA?
A pathologist sees two distinct nuclei forming at opposite ends of the cell. Which phase is being observed?
What is telephase?
A plasma cell producing large amounts of antibodies has an abundance of this organelle covered with ribosomes.
What is RER?
A defect in intracellular transport of vesicles in neurons is due to damage to this cytoskeletal component.
What are microtubules?
Compared to red blood cells, intestinal epithelial cells have extensive microvilli to increase surface area. This represents a difference between this type of cell and a more specialized one.
What are specialized cells?
mutation in spliceosomes results in abnormal proteins due to failure to remove noncoding regions. These regions are normally removed from pre-mRNA.
What are introns?
Rapidly dividing tumor cells spend less time in this phase, which normally accounts for most of the cell cycle.
What is interphase?