Diffusion
What is diffusion?
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
What is an enzyme?
A protein that speeds up chemical reactions
What are the four phases of the cell cycle and what happens during each phase? Write more than one word per answer.
G1: growth of cell and normal cell functions
S: Synthesis (DNA replication)
G2: growth of cell and prep for mitosis
M: mitosis (cell division)
What does the DNA look like during INTERPHASE and what is the name of the DNA at this point?
Chromatin (uncoiled/decondensed)
What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable?
IV: the variable the experimenter is CHANGING on purpose between the different treatment groups
DV: the variable the experimenter is MEASURING
What is osmosis?
The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane
What can happen to an enzyme if it is outside it's preferred environmental conditions?
It can denature (unfold and no longer function)
How does a cell know when to progress to the next stage of the cell cycle?
Buildup of a signal protein called cyclin indicates when to move on
Draw a cell with two homologous pairs during PROPHASE
Drawing should include four chromosomes, no nucleus/dissolving nucleus, and centrosomes attaching spindle fibers to centromeres
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota. Humans are part of Eukaryota.
Draw a cell in a hypotonic environment
Drawing should show a higher solute concentration on the INSIDE of the cell which leads to water flowing INTO the cell and the cell swelling up
What is the primary level of protein structure?
What is a cancerous cell?
A cell that divides uncontrollably
Draw this cell during METAPHASE
Drawing should indicate that the four chromosomes have lined up on the equator (METAPHASE = MIDDLE)
What are homologous chromosomes?
The same chromosomes (same genes and same length) but from different parents. Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes but 46 total chromosomes.
Draw a cell in a hypertonic environment
Drawing should show a higher solute concentration on the OUTSIDE of the cell which leads to water flowing OUT of the cell and the cell shriveling
Describe the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of protein structure
Secondary/tertiary: the polypeptide chain folds into the correct shape based on the amino acid interactions
Quaternary: multiple folded polypeptide chains bonded together to make a larger protein
What is the G0 phase?
G0 is when the cell exits the cell cycle and continues its normal cell function without growing or preparing for mitosis. Most cells can reenter the cell cycle when new cells are needed by the body.
Draw this cell during ANAPHASE
Drawing should indicate that the sister chromatids have been pulled apart by the spindle fibers (ANAPHASE = APART)
What is the goal of mitosis?
To produce two genetically IDENTICAL daughter cells
Draw a cell in an isotonic environment
Drawing should show an EVEN solute concentration inside and outside of the cell which leads to water flowing in and out evenly
What would happen if the amino acids are in the wrong order in a polypeptide chain?
The polypeptide chain would not fold properly and would thus not function properly
Which phases of the cell cycle are included in INTERPHASE?
G1, S, and G2
Draw this cell during TELOPHASE
Drawing should indicate two new nuclei formed around each complete set of chromosomes
What does it mean for a cell to be diploid?
Two copies of each chromosome