Photosynthesis
What are the two main reactants needed for photosynthesis?
Water and Carbon Dioxide.
What are the main products of aerobic cellular respiration?
Carbon Dioxide, Water, and ATP.
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.
What are the three main principles of cell theory?
All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
What is the main function of the cell membrane?
To act as a selective barrier, regulating what enters and exits the cell.
What product of photosynthesis is essential for animal life?
Oxygen
In anaerobic respiration, what is produced instead of oxygen?
Lactic acid or ethanol, depending on the organism.
Name two types of passive transport other than osmosis and explain the difference.
Diffusion: Movement of molecules (like oxygen or carbon dioxide) from high to low concentration without using energy.
Facilitated diffusion: Movement of molecules through a protein channel or carrier from high to low concentration without energy.
Difference: Facilitated diffusion requires transport proteins, while simple diffusion does not
Who is credited with the discovery of the cell?
Robert Hooke.
Name one key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
What is the main function of photosynthesis in plants?
To convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose
What is the primary function of cellular respiration?
To convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP
If a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, what will happen to the cell and why?
The cell will shrink (crenate) because water will move out of the cell into the solution, where the solute concentration is higher.
How did the invention of the microscope contribute to cell theory?
It allowed scientists to observe cells for the first time, leading to the formulation of cell theory.
What organelle is responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria.
During photosynthesis, what is the main product produced alongside glucose?
Oxygen.
Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration regarding efficiency.
Aerobic respiration is more efficient, producing more ATP than anaerobic respiration.
Explain the difference between active and passive transport and give an example of each.
Passive transport: Moves substances from high to low concentration without energy. Example: Osmosis.
Active transport: Moves substances from low to high concentration using energy (ATP). Example: Sodium-potassium pump.
Explain how scientific theories evolve over time, using cell theory as an example.
Scientific theories are refined and revised based on new evidence and discoveries, such as advancements in microscopy.
Compare the structure of plant and animal cells.
Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts, while animal cells do not.
Explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interrelated.
The products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen) are the reactants for cellular respiration, and vice versa.
Describe how the process of cellular respiration provides energy to cells.
Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to produce ATP, which cells use for energy.
A plant root cell is in soil that has a lower water concentration than the cell’s cytoplasm. Predict what will happen and explain how the cell membrane helps protect the cell from bursting or shrinking.
Water will move out of the root cell into the soil (hypertonic environment), causing the cell to shrink (plasmolysis). The cell wall provides structural support to prevent bursting, and the selectively permeable membrane regulates water movement to maintain homeostasis.
Discuss one piece of evidence that supports the theory of cells.
The observation that all living organisms are made of cells supports the theory of cells.
How does the structure of the cell membrane facilitate its selective barrier function?
The phospholipid bilayer allows certain molecules to pass while blocking others, aided by embedded proteins that help transport substances.