Methods
When a surface molecule of one cell interacts with a surface molecule of another cell, this is an example of which method of cell communication?
direct contact between cells
activation of an enzyme and transcription of specific genes are examples of which stage of signaling?
cellular response
Epinephrine (adrenaline) is an example of what type of molecule, with respect to cell communication?
It is a ligand (a hormone that binds to epinephrine receptors)
bioluminescence (the squid can see at night to hunt, without being seen by predators)
what is autocrine signaling?
when a signal released by a cell has the potential to impact that same cell
Paracrine signaling is an example of
local (short-distance) signaling
This process begins with the receptor protein changing its shape.
transduction
Cyclic AMP is an example of which type of molecule with respect to cell signaling?
second messenger (the extracellular message has been converted into an intracellular message)
Define Quorum Sensing
concentration sensing such that bacterial behaviors are turned on or off based upon the concentration of the bacteria.
A "host range" is the term given to the specific set of species that a given virus can infect. Why, biochemically, can that virus only infect those specific species?
hormonal signaling is an example of
long distance signaling
Reception
This type of molecule is responsible for adding a phosphate group to the next molecule in the signaling cascade?
kinase
How many species of bacteria can a given species sense through Quorum sensing?
nonspecifically, a bacterium can sense all other species.
specifically, a bacterium can sense members of its own species
Nitric oxide is a gas that can serve as a ligand, but is metabolized very quickly. Would it be appropriate for hormonal signaling? Why or why not?
No. Hormones must travel long distances through the blood stream.
When adjacent cells contain junctions that allow molecules to pass directly from one cell to another (without first entering the extracellular space), this is an example of which form of cell communication?
direct contact
Amplification happens during this stage
transduction
This type of molecule is responsible for removing a phosphate group from a phosphorylated member of the signaling cascade.
phosphatase
What is the end result of epinephrine binding to its receptor on a liver cell?
the liver cleaves glucose molecules off of glycogen, in order to send more glucose into the bloodstream (the body needs more glucose to make more ATP as part of fight or flight response)
A certain signaling process facilitates cell division. What would be the consequence of a mutation that shuts down this signaling process?
the cell would be unable to divide
synaptic signaling is an example of
local signaling
The release of a ligand into the bloodstream
signaling stage
What is another term for a first messenger
ligand (extracellular messenger molecule)
membrane-bound enzyme that is responsible for cleaving phosphate groups off of ATP in order to construct a second messenger
adenalyl cyclase
What is a serine/threonine kinase?
an enzyme that phosphorylates a protein molecule at serine and threonine amino acids only.