Cell Communication
This is the molecule that binds to a receptor.
Ligand
This is the second step of cell signaling.
Transduction
This signaling acts on the same cell that released the signal.
autocrine signaling
This is the longest phase of the cell cycle.
interphase
These proteins control the timing of the cell cycle.
cyclins
This structure receives signals on a cell.
receptor
These molecules relay signals inside the cell (example: cAMP).
second messengers
This signaling affects nearby cells.
paracrine signaling
DNA replication occurs during this phase.
S phase
These enzymes work with cyclins to regulate progression.
CDKs
Cell communication helps maintain this internal balance.
homeostasis
This process adds phosphate groups to proteins.
phosphorylation
Hormones traveling through the bloodstream use this signaling.
endocrine signaling
This phase prepares the cell for mitosis.
G2 phase
This is the most important checkpoint.
G1 checkpoint
Receptors are specific due to this property.
shape specifity
These enzymes activate other proteins in a cascade.
protein kinases
This signaling occurs between neurons.
synaptic signaling
This process divides the nucleus.
mitosis
This checkpoint ensures DNA is fully and correctly replicated.
G2 checkpoint
These receptors are located inside the cell and bind small or nonpolar signals.
intracellular receptors
This explains how one signal can produce a large response.
signal amplification
This type of signaling is best suited for long-distance communication in the body.
endocrine signaling
These identical copies of DNA are formed during replication.
sister chromatids
This checkpoint ensures chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers.
M checkpoint