Cell Signaling
Signal Transduction
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle Regulation
Homeostasis
100
A molecule that binds a receptor to initiate a signaling pathway.
What is a ligand?
100
The three stages of cell signaling.
What is reception, transduction, and response?
100
The stage of the cell cycle in which cells spend the most time.
What is Interphase?
100
These are molecules that activate CDKs to move a cell along the cell cycle?
What are cyclins?
100
These are the "normal" range of conditions within an organism's body, which support biological maintenance.
What are set points?
200
In this type of cell signaling, hormones travel long distances to reach target tissues or glands.
What is long-distance signaling or endocrine signaling?
200
This type of molecule is activated at the start of a signal transduction cascade and typically amplifies the signal by activating multiple proteins.
What is a second messenger (ex. cAMP)?
200
The phase in Mitosis that is represented here.
What is Metaphase?
200
These are enzymes which are present at constant levels throughout the cell cycle and form a complex with other proteins to move a cell along the cell cycle.
What are CDKs?
200
Homeostatic mechanisms that work to restore "normal conditions" or set points within an organism's body.
What is a negative feedback loop?
300
A structure that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing for the diffusion of water-soluble molecules.
What is plasmodesmata?
300
This portion of a cell signaling pathway involves the conversion of an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal that reaches an intracellular target or effector molecule.
What is signal transduction?
300
In human body cells undergoing Mitosis, there are 92 chromatids in ONE cell AFTER this stage.
What is Anaphase?
300
These types of genes produce proteins that prevent the unregulated growth of cancerous cells.
What are tumor suppressor genes (p53, retinoblastoma)?
300
A person with environmental allergies has a rash, a section of skin that is inflamed and red. They scratch themselves and the irritation from the scratch triggers the release of more cytokines which cause further inflammation and itchiness. This is an example of what type of feedback loop?
What is a positive feedback loop?
400
Molecules that diffuse through the cell membrane and bind a receptor inside the cytoplasm or nucleus.
What is a steroid hormone?
400
Any possible change in a cellular process that is the end result of a signal transduction pathway.
What is a response?
400
The phase of mitosis in which the nucleus dissolves and the mitotic spindle begins to form.
What is Prophase?
400
This is the cell cycle checkpoint responsible for ensuring that all microtubules are properly attached to the kinetochores of chromosomes.
What is the M checkpoint?
400
Immediately after you work out, your heart rate is elevated (160-200 BPM). A few minutes after you workout, your heart rate has returned to resting heart rate (50-70 BPM). This is an example of which feedback loop?
What is a negative feebdback loop?
500
The type of change that occurs in a receptor upon binding a ligand.
What is a conformational (shape) change?
500
This type of protein shuts off a cell signaling pathway by removing a phosphate group from a phosphorylated enzyme.
What is a protein phosphatase?
500
The structure made up of the centrosome as well as its microtubule fibers which begin to attach to chromosomes during Prophase.
What is the mitotic spindle?
500
This is the fate of a cell that has unrepairable errors, assuming that the checkpoints and proteins are working properly.
What is apoptosis?
500
Tissue regeneration involves the release of chemical signals that promote cell growth and division. This is an example of which type of feedback loop?
What is a positive feedback loop?