Types of Cell Signaling
This signaling is when adjacent cells have cell junctions that enable them to pass signal molecules, ions, and material between them. example: plasmodesmata
What is juxtacrine signaling
These receptors contain seven transmembrane segments that pass through the plasma membrane and interact with a protein inside
What are G-protein receptors?
When a secondary signal activates several relay proteins allowing for one signal to cause several responses
What is amplification of the signal?
This signal molecule promotes cell division
What are growth factors?
Name the three main checkpoints involved in the regulation of the cell cycle
What are G1, G2 and M?
Bacteria use quorum sensing which is a type of signaling to communicate there is a sufficient population density for a response to be effective.
What is paracrine?
Ligands bind to these types of receptors, which opens a channel and allows the flow of ions through the membrane changing the concentration of ions in the cell
What are ligand-gated ion channels?
The process by which a signal on the surface of a cell is converted to a specific cellular response in a series of steps
What is a signal transduction pathway?
What are the three steps in cell signaling?
What are reception, transduction, and response?
Name the three phases of interphase and the stages of mitosis in order
What are G1, S, G2, prophase, (prometaphase), metaphase, anaphase, telophase, (cytokinesis)
Cells in the human pancreas release insulin when blood sugar levels are elevated
What is endocrine signaling?
This type of receptor belongs to a class of membrane receptors characterized by enzymatic activity
What is tyrosine kinase receptors?
The two most widely used secondary messengers
What is cyclic AMP (CAMP) and calcium ions (Ca+)
When ligands alter the structure of their receptors, it causes this
What is a conformational change?
What is a family of proteins that control the progression of the cell through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) enzymes
What is cyclin?
neurotransmitters release ligands that move from the axon of one cell to the dendrites of another
What is paracrine signaling?
This gas acts like a ligand and is able to pass through the cell membrane and attach to a receptor inside the cell
What is nitric oxide (NO)?
The general name given to the enzyme that transfers phosphate from ATP to proteins
What is protein kinase?
This hormone is released by the pancreas enabling body cells to take up glucose
What is insulin?
At what checkpoint does the cell check to see if the spindle fibers are attached to the centromere correctly
What is the M or spindle checkpoint?
Some cancer cells release their own growth factors presenting a challenge to researchers.
What is autocrine signaling?
This receptor is located inside the cell either in the cytoplasm or on the nucleus. Molecules that bind to this receptor are nonpolar or small
What is an intracellular receptor?
These enzymes can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins.
What are protein phosphatases?
This drug blocks the dopamine transporter proteins, which keeps the dopamine bound to the receptor in turn triggers the reward pathway
What is cocaine?
What is a proto-oncogene?