Cell Communication
This vocabulary term describes long distance cell signaling.
endocrine signaling
The messenger molecule
ligand
Triple points
Cellular responses are often __________ by ___________ cascades which strengthen the power of the initial signal by transducing and activating many relay molecules _______ the target cell.
amplified
phosphorylation
within/inside
What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase
Mitosis
Triple points and point donation
During which specific phase of the cell cycle is chromatin duplicated?
S phase of interphase
Which type of cells undergo mitosis for their cell division?
body/somatic cells
Quadruple points and point donation
Humans are made _______ of cells that fall into about ______ different types. Most of these different types of cells have __________ lifespans.
trillions
200
different
This vocabulary term describes cell signaling between cells that are in physical contact with each other.
The final result of a signal transduction pathway
cellular response
Describe the physical and chemical properties of a ligand that is likely to have many target cells with intracellular receptors.
small, non-polar/hydrophobic ligands can pass directly through cell's plasma membranes and bind to intracellular receptors inside the cell
Which phase of the cell cycle is the period of growth and development?
Interphase
What is the main function of cell division in unicellular organisms?
asexual reproduction
Double points and point donation
How many stages are there in the Interphase phase of the cell cycle and what are their names?
3 stages
G1
S
G2
This is the name given to any disease that involves uncontrolled cell division.
cancer
This vocabulary term describes local signaling.
paracrine signaling
1. Reception
2. Transduction
3. Response
Double points
1. The process of adding a phosphate group to another molecule is called __________.
2. Generally speaking, how does this process usually change the molecule that receives the phosphate group?
1. phosphorylation
2. It changes its structure, causing a change in its function.
What are the 2 stages of cell division?
Mitosis, Cytokinesis
How many checkpoints do cells go through during the cell cycle?
3
What happens in the S stage of Interphase?
DNA replication
Double points and point donation
Explain why negative feedback mechanisms are more common than positive feedback mechanisms.
Negative feedback mechanisms return an organism to its desired set point, which means they return an organism to its desired homeostatic range.
Neurotransmitters released into the synapse between different neurons is which type of cell communication?
paracrine or synaptic signaling
Constant _______ is an essential way in which organisms maintain ________ or internal stability.
cell communication, homeostasis
Point Donation
Large relay molecules are usually _________ which must be activated during the signal transduction process, whereas _________ are usually small, water-soluble molecules like ions or __________, which is a derivative of ATP.
proteins,
second messengers
cyclic AMP
What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
In mitosis, the nucleus and DNA divide.
In cytokinesis, the cytoplasm and organelles divide.
Double Points
What are the the three main functions of cell division for body cells in multicellular organisms?
1. Growth of the organism
2. Tissue repair
3. Asexual reproduction
Double points and point donation
Which two types of proteins must bind together at particular times during the cell cycle in order for the cell to progress through the cell cycle?
Cyclins
Cyclin-dependent kinases
Which event occurs most often during the cell cycle checkpoints?
The cell checks for DNA damage
Which type of signaling usually involves hormones as the ligand?
endocrine signaling
What is a common result of a disruption to a signal transduction pathway?
disease
Ligands have specific _______ that only match up with specific receptors. Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the receptor will either experience a conformational change or will release another molecule that initiates the ________ transduction pathway that will eventually cause a cellular _________.
shapes/structures/conformations
intracellular
response
Identify 3 of the 4 main things that occur during interphase.
Cell carries out normal functions
Growth and replication of organelles
Replication of DNA
Preparation for cell division
List the four main stages of mitosis in correct order followed by the name of the stage in which the cytoplasm divides
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
5. Cytokinesis
Compare the number of cells and genetic composition of the parent cell and daughter cells that result from mitotic cell division.
2 genetically identical daughter cells that are also genetically identical to their parent cell
Most mutations do not cause cancer, however, two types of mutations are more likely to. Identify what types of mutated genes often do lead to cancer.
Mutations to positive and negative regulatory genes of the cell cycle.