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a fertilized egg
What is a zygote?
One half of a duplicated chromosome
What is a chromatid?
A phase where the sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers
What is anaphase?
Cancer cells that break away from the tumor and move to other parts of the body 🡪 more tumors
What is malignant?
Forms midway between divided nuclei and gradually develops into a membrane Occurs ONLY in plant cells during cytokinesis
What is a cell plate?
A process that creates special structures and functions
What is differentiation?
Two identical chromatids
What are sister chromatids?
A phase where the spindle fibers connect to the centromere of each sister chromatids and chromosomes line in the middle of the cell
What is metaphase?
Abnormal cells typically remain clustered together
What is benign?
Pinches the cells into 2 equal parts. Occurs ONLY in animal cells during cytokinesis.
Undifferentiated cells that can become differentiated into one or more types of specialized cells
What are stem cells?
Region of the condensed chromosomes that looks pinched
What is a centromere?
The Gap phase of interphase where the cell grows and makes proteins
What is the G1 phase?
Critical point where “stop” & “go” signals can regulate the cycle
What is a checkpoint?
The growth phase of the cell cycle
What is interphase?
A phase where the cytoplasm divides
What is cytokinesis?
Ends of the DNA molecule
What is a telomere?
The synthesis phase of interphase where DNA replication occurs, doubling the number of chromosomes
What is the S phase?
Regulations that come from outside of the cell
What are external signals?
The division phase of the cell cycle
What is mitosis?
A phase where the nuclear membrane disappears and the chromosomes condense and are visible as sister chromatids (in X’s)
What is prophase?
A phase where the nuclear membrane reappears and chromosomes decondense into chromatin
What is telephase?
A section of DNA that contains the instructions for making a protein
What is a gene?
Regulations that come from the cell’s own nucleus
What are internal signals?
A repeated pattern of growth, DNA duplication and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells
What is the cell cycle?