PPMATC
What does PPMATC stand for????
Phases of Mitosis: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
Name all checkpoints
G1, S, G2, M(spindle)
Name the three general ways cells communicate.
Direct contact, Local signaling, and Long-distance signaling.
Name the three stages of cell signaling.
Reception, Transduction, Response
What phase involves the cell elongating, sister chromatids separating, and moving to opposite ends?
ANAPHASE
Which is the most important check involving checking size, growth factors & DNA damage??
G1
What communication has gap junction for animals and plasmodesmata for plants?
Direct Contact
What is the process that shuts off pathways?
Dephosphorylation
Explain the prometaphase
Nuclear envelope fragments, microtubules enter the nuclear area and some attach to kinetochores
Which checkpoint is responsible for DNA synthase/ replication???
S PHASE
Which communication will release chemical messages that travel short distances through the extracellular fluid?
Local Regulators
What is the "signal" being transduced in the signal transduction pathway?
The ligand
Explain what happens in the prophase.
Chromatin condenses, nucleoli disappear, sister chromatids appear, and mitotic spindles begin to form.
After which checkpoint would the cell undergo apoptosis if cell damage cannot be repaired??
G2
Explain the two types of local regulators: Paracrine signaling & Synaptic signaling.
Paracrine: Secretory cells release local regulators via exocytosis to an adjacent cell
Synaptic: Occurs in animal nervous systems; secreting neurotransmitters
How is the ligand passed from outside to inside the cell?
Relayed by protein kinase
Explain the difference between plant and animal cells during cytokinesis.
Plants: Vesicles produced by the Golgi travel to the middle of the cell to separate the two cells.
Animals: A cleavage furrow appears due to a contractile ring and the two cells separate.
Explain the M (spindle) checkpoint and what happens if the cell does not complete the checkpoint.
This checkpoint checks spindle microtubule attachment to chromosomes. If not the cell will pause mitosis until all spindles are attached correctly.
Explain long-distance signaling and how it differs in plants and animals.
Long distance signaling uses hormones to communicate.
Plants: Release hormones that travel in the plant's vascular tissue (xylem & phloem) or through the air to reach target tissues.
Animal: Specialized cells release hormones in the circulatory system where they reach target cells.
Explain the difference between Plasma Membrane Receptors and Intracellular Receptors
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