Epi + Eti
This is the inheritance pattern of hereditary retinoblastoma.
What is autosomal dominant?
This is the hypothesis that states that both alleles of a tumor suppressor gene need mutations in order to induce oncogenesis.
What is the two-hit hypothesis?
This is the reason why biopsies of retinoblastomas are avoided.
What is prevention of cancer cells spreading outside the eye?
One possible side effect of carboplatin use is ___. (four options)
What is myelosuppression, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, or ototoxicity?
This is the age range for the onset of most cases of retinoblastoma.
What is <4 years old?
This is the prevalence of retinoblastoma (in live births annually).
What is 1/14,000?
The 1-hit hypothesis applies to these genes, which tend to have the opposite function of genes like RB1.
What is a proto-oncogene?
Involvement of this nerve can help distinguish the extent of the tumor.
This is the class of topoisomerase inhibitors that Etoposide is part of.
What is a topoisomerase II inhibitor?
What is altered reflection in flash photography?
This is the type of retinoblastoma that tends to be bilateral.
What is hereditary retinoblastoma?
Double Jeopardy!
This is the type of mutation that happened in both alleles of David's RB1 gene.
Bonus: What is the likely codon that took the place of the arginine codon?
What is a nonsense mutation?
Bonus: UGA (C>T)
Double Jeopardy!
This is the name of the "white reflex."
Bonus: Why does it happen physiologically?
What is leukocoria?
Bonus: light reflects off the surface of the tumor instead of the healthy retina
Double Jeopardy!
This is the type of inhibitor that vincristine is classified as.
Bonus: What class of chemotherapeutic drugs have the "opposite" function?
What is a mitotic inhibitor? (Or what is a microtubule assembly inhibitor?)
Bonus: Taxanes
Detachment of what component of eye anatomy can take place in later stages of retinoblastoma.
What is retinal detachment?
Double Jeopardy!
Name two of the most common childhood cancers besides retinoblastomas.
Bonus: Which one is has increased risk of development in children with hereditary retinoblastoma.
What is leukemia, brain/spinal cord tumors, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, lymphoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, or bone cancer?
Bonus: What is Osteosarcoma?
This is the transcription factor that Rb is normally bound to in times of hypophosphorylation.
What is E2F?
This is a defining characteristic of CT that makes it less ideal for retinoblastoma diagnostic than MRI.
What is radiation?
All three chemotherapeutics are used on this type of cancer. (two options possible)
What is lymphomas or solid tumors?
These are three factors associated with poor prognosis for retinoblastoma.
What are late diagnosis, infiltration of the tumor, and bilateral involvement?
This is the percentage of children that develop retinoblastomas in BOTH eyes.
What is ~40%?
This is the CDK-Cyclin Complex that allows for Rb to release its transcription factor and S phase to continue.
What is Cyclin D1-CDK4/6?
This is a type of technology (besides MRI) that may be used in diagnostic testing of retinoblastoma.
Be specific!
What is ocular ultrasound?
These are the cell cycle phases do Carboplatin, Vincristine, and Etoposide work at. (3 answers)
What is S phase, M phase, and G2/S phase, respectively?
This abnormal alignment of the visual axes of the eyes is a common symptoms of retinoblastoma.
What is strabismus?