Molecules
The types of molecules that can act as extracellular signals.
What are Lipids, Proteins, or Ions?
The name for the process of conversion of information (via molecules) from an external signal.
What is signal transduction?
The name for the transition that allows a neural crest cell begins to migrate.
What is EMT (Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition)?
The molecule that preforms the signal transduction step (first contact with ligand).
What is receptor protein
The cell phase in which DNA is replicated.
What is S phase?
The name for close proximity signaling around a cell.
What is Paracrine signaling?
The name for enzymes add a phosphate group to their substrate.
The ligand found in-between digits that opposes Shh signaling activity.
What is BMP signaling?
The enzyme that turns off activated RTKs at a specific amino acid.
What are tyrosine phosphatases?
The name for programmed cell death.
What is apoptosis?
The name for small intracellular signaling molecules
What are secondary messengers?
The cell response that takes the longest time of all.
What is a change in gene expression?
The developmental layer that the neural crest arises from.
What is the Ectoderm?
The name of the energy source used to switch on G proteins.
What is bound GTP?
The proteins that facilitate the tight "twisting" of DNA around histones
What is chromatin remodeling factors?
The name of a category of extracellular signal that stimulates cell division.
The process of converting DNA data into protein, taking place in the nucleus.
What is Transcription?
Examples of derivates from the neural crest cells.
What are Melanocytes (pigment cells), Neurons of the PNS, Facial Bones?
The broad function of RTKs as a whole.
What is Growth Factors?
The actions of cyclins in the cell cycle.
What are Propelling the cycle forward, Regulating cell expression by stage, and binding to CDKs?
The way that large, hydrophilic, foreign substances (nicotine, morphone, menthol, etc.) exert their effects on the cellular level.
What is cell-surface receptors?
The biggest reason that all human cells are not morphologically identical (look/act different).
What is Gene transcription
The term used to describe when multiple regulatory pathways interact to control gene expression.
What is Combinatorial Control?
The category of mutations that leads to uncontrolled cell growth (tumours) due to a single loss in protein function.
What is loss of phosphatases?
The order of cell cycle that leads to cell division, including the "committed step".
What is G1 -> S -> G2 -> M -> C, G1 as the committed step.