Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction
When the offspring is made by a single parent, this method is referred to as
What is asexual reproduction?
What is the cell cycle?
The cell cycle is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.
What are growth factors?
They stimulate the growth and development of cells. An example would be external regulatory factors.
What happens during differentiation?
During differentiation, cells develop from embryonic stem cells into different types of cells that will conduct different tasks in different parts of the body.
There are two reasons why a cell would divide instead of continuing to grow. What are they?
The larger a cell becomes, the harder it becomes to move waste in and out of the cell. The second reason was it puts a strain on the demand for the genetic material.
What happens during cytokinesis?
During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides, forming two separate cells from one.
Name the two type of proteins that regulate the cell cycle. How do they work?
The cell cycle is controlled by internal protein regulators such as cyclins that promote mitosis and by external protein regulators that speed up or slow down the cell cycle. External regulatory proteins include growth factors.
What are stem cells? What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that give rise to differentiated cells. You can think of them as “generic” cells that can turn into other kinds of cells.
Embryonic stem cells are found in a developing embryo and have the potential to become almost any type of cell within the adult body.
Adult stem cells are found in specific tissues in the adult body and may only be able to develop into a limited number of cell types.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction?
The advantages of asexual reproduction include a fast reproduction rate and increased competitive efficiency.
The disadvantages are a decrease in genetic variability and in the ability to handle changing environments.
The advantages of sexual reproduction include an increase in genetic diversity which may increase survival in a changing environment.
The disadvantages include the need to find a mate for reproduction, and a need for time for offspring growth and development.
What are chromosomes? How are they different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Chromosomes are structures that contain the cell’s genetic material, DNA. In prokaryotes, the chromosome contains a single loop of DNA. In eukaryotes, the chromosomes are variable in number, and contain linear DNA strands.
Why is cancer considered a disease of the cell cycle?
Cancer results when cells grow and divide uncontrollably. This happens when cell cycles are disrupted.
What are the arguments for and against stem cell usage in medical research?
The arguments for and against the use of stem cells in medical research involve ethical issues of life and death.
Before a cell can divide, what must happen?
DNA must be copied.
What happens during each of the four stages of mitosis?
During prophase, the duplicated chromosomes condense into thick, visible strands.
During metaphase, the centromeres of the duplicated chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.
Chromosomes separate and move along spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell during anaphase.
During telophase, the chromosomes begin to coil again into a tangle of chromatin.
How did experimental results show the effects of cyclins
When cyclins were injected into a nondividing cell, a mitotic spindle formed.
Scientist refer to zygotes as this vocabulary word which means literally ABLE to do everything, to develop into any type of cell in the body.
What is a totipotent?