Growth vs Differentiation
Interphase & Cell Cycle Checkpoints
DNA Structure
DNA Replication
Essential Terms
Mitosis
100
This process results in an increase in the maturity and and complexity of cells.
Cell differentiation
100
State the 4 main phases of the cell cycle in order.
G1,G2,S,M
100
DNA molecules are described as being anti-parallel due to the reversed orientation of which molecule(s) on one of its strands?
sugar and phosphate
100
This enzyme is responsible for breaking hydrogen bonds between DNA nucleotides.
helicase
100
What relationship do A and B have with each other?
Unreplicated homologous chromosomes
100
In this phase of mitosis, spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart to opposite poles of the cell.
anaphase
200
In order for a multicellular organism to ___________ it must increase in cell size and cell number.
grow
200
Mitosis involves the separation of the contents of the _____________ while cytokinesis involves the separation of the contents of the _________________.
nucleus, cytoplasm
200
Who was the scientist whose X-ray image revealed the double helical structure of DNA?
Rosalind Franklin
200
In which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
S phase
200
Sister chromatids result from the process of _____________________ while homologous chromosomes result from the process of _____________________.
DNA replication, fertilization
200
Which two phases of mitosis can be considered roughly opposite to one another?
prophase and telophase
300
This type of cell is described as totipotent because of its ability to differentiate into all different cell types.
stem cell
300
Enzymes necessary for DNA replication are synthesized in this stage of the cell cycle.
G1
300
The pairing of adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine in DNA molecules is referred to as ___________________.
complementary base pairing
300
DNA replication is said to be semi-conservative. Explain what this means.
Each daughter DNA molecule produced from DNA replication will contain one old, conserved strand from the parent and one newly synthesized strand.
300
What is the name of the structure which is made up of DNA wrapped around histone proteins?
nucleosome
300
What is the first phase of mitosis in which the number of CHROMOSOMES double?
anaphase
400
Skin cells and bone cells have the exact same copy of DNA. They have different characteristics and functions because_____________________________.
Each cell types has its own combination of genes which are kept on and genes that are kept off.
400
The amount of DNA in cells doubles during this portion of interphase.
S phase
400
The nitrogenous bases of a DNA molecule are joined by ________________ bonds, however the sugar and phosphate molecules in the DNA backbone are joined by ________________ bonds.
hydrogen, covalent
400
Enzymes required for DNA replication are made by the _________________ and the free nucleotides assembled by DNA Polymerase are made by the. _________________.
Rough ER (ribosomes), lysosome
400
___________ will always have identical DNA sequences but ____________ have the same genes but not necessarily the same variation of each gene.
sister chromatids, homologous chromosomes
400
Explain the two roles of cell division in multicellular organisms.
Growth through cell proliferation.
Repair and replacement of damaged/dead cells.
500
Cell number doubles as a result of the events of this phase of the cell cycle.
cell division
500
This cell checkpoint ensures that DNA was correctly replicated before the cell is allowed to enter M phase.
S/G2 Checkpoint
500
Describe the levels of organization of DNA in human cells.
500
List the 6 enzymes involved in DNA replication in order.
Helicase
Primase
DNA Polymerase III
Exonuclease
DNA Polymerase I
Ligase
500
Identify three pairs of non-sister chromatids.
A and (B,G,H)
B and (A, E, F)
500
How should this table be completed to reflect the changes in chromosome and chromatid number in a human somatic cell?
