Membrane Structure
This phospholipid property causes membranes to self-assemble in water, due to it's polar, hydrophilic end and nonpolar, hydrophobic end.
Amphipatic
Movement of substances across a membrane down their concentration gradient without energy
Passive Transport
what is the smallest unity of life?
cells
Organelle responsible for ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation
Mitochondria
This membrane model describes proteins embedded in a dynamic phospholipid bilayer
fluid mosaic model
The two major components of the fluid mosaic model
Phospholipids and proteins
Transport proteins that alternate between inward and outward facing conformations and help transport larger and ionized molecules WITH the concentration gradient
Carrier proteins
what kind of cell is unicellular
prokaryotes
The inner mitochondrial membrane is folded into these structures
cristae
The tails of phospholipids are composed of these molecules
fatty acids
this side of the phospholipid is hydrophobic and nonpolar
the tail
What is it called when a cell engulfs substances
endocytosis
what is structure related to?
function
this organelle has a low pH to break down molecules
lysosome
Microfilaments are composed of this protein
actin
This lipid modulates membrane fluidity by preventing tight phospholipid packing in eukaryotes.
cholesterol
These membrane proteins allow rapid, selective water transport
aquaporins
How do prokaryotes divide their DNA
binary fission
This organelle serves the purpose of detoxification
smooth er
What do proteins undergo in the golgi to become targeted to specific cellular destinations
glycosylation
True of false: Saturated tails in phospholipids help membrane fluidity
false
what moves molecules AGAINST the concentration gradient?
transport pumps
What allows for spatial separation of biochemical reactions
structural compartmentalization
True or false: free-floating ribosomes make proteins used in the cytosol
true
(not on the slides but a challenge!)
Secondary active transport uses:
A) ATP directly
B) Ion gradients to drive transport
C) Membrane diffusion
D) Vesicle fusion
B) Ion gradients to drive transport
Explanation: Secondary active transport uses the energy from an ion gradient (like Na⁺ moving down its gradient) to move another molecule against its gradient. It does not use ATP directly.