Cell Types & Theory
These cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic cells
This organelle is the control center of the eukaryotic cell.
Nucleus
The basic structure of the plasma membrane is described by this model.
Fluid mosaic model
Cells respond to these internal or external changes in the environment.
Stimuli
Plant cells have this rigid structure that animal cells lack.
Cell wall
Name two differences between plant and animal cells.
-Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts; animal cells have centrioles and lysosomes
-Plant cells are usually rectangular, animal cells are round
This organelle is responsible for energy (ATP) production.
Mitochondria
Membranes are primarily made of this type of lipid molecule.
Phospholipids
The ability of a cell to maintain stable internal conditions despite environmental changes is called this.
Homeostasis
Animal cells have small, hair-like projections that help with movement or sensing; these are called this.
Cilia (or flagella for longer projections)
According to the cell theory, all cells come from this.
Pre-existing cells
The jelly-like substance that holds organelles in place is called this.
Cytoplasm
These membrane proteins are embedded and span the membrane completely.
Integral proteins
This type of protein sits on the membrane surface and assists with signaling or recognition.
Peripheral protein
Cells with a high number of mitochondria are likely to have this kind of energy demand.
High energy demand
These unspecialized cells can develop into multiple types of cells, often used in medical research.
Stem cells
Ribosomes are responsible for this critical cellular process.
Protein synthesis
These two sugar-containing lipids and proteins help cells recognize each other.
Glycolipids and glycoproteins
Name one way glycoproteins help cells communicate with other cells.
Cell recognition, signaling, or immune response (any)
The phospholipid bilayer has hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions; which part faces the inside of the membrane?
Hydrophobic tails
Identify three characteristics of living things that all cells must exhibit.
1. Are made of cells
2. Evolve & adapt
3. Display heredity
4. Maintain homeostasis
5. Reproduce
6. Respond to stimuli
7. Require energy
Any three!
These structures, found in plants, provide rigidity and are composed mainly of cellulose.
Cell wall
The sticky carbohydrate layer on the outside of the cell membrane is called this.
Glycocalyx
Explain why the fluid mosaic model allows for selective permeability.
Because phospholipids and proteins can move within the membrane, creating a flexible barrier that allows certain molecules to pass while blocking others
Explain the functional advantage of membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids in immune system recognition.
They allow the immune system to recognize “self” vs. “non-self” cells, helping defend against pathogens