Glycolysis
Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
Cytoplasm - doesn't require O2
What is the cellular respiration equation?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy/Heat
What is the photosynthesis chemical equation?
6CO2 + 12H2O + Sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
What does it mean that DNA replication is semi-conservative and bidirectional?
Semi-conservative: DNA replication involves using one old strand as a template and produces one new strand, resulting a product that conserved half / semi of the parent strand (half old half new)
Bidirectional: it occurs in both directions
What are the A, P, and E sites on the ribosome?
A site: where the tRNA enters the ribosome
P site: holds the growing polypeptide chain
E site: where the 'empty' tRNA exits
What role does NADH/NAD+ play in glycolysis?
ATP gets hydrolyzed during glycolysis to donate phosphate groups
NAD+ acts as an electron carrier when modifying intermediates of glycolysis and produces NADH - it accepts electrons that were oxidized/removed
(Double Jeopardy)
What are the 3-4 general steps of aerobic respiration and where do they each take place?
Takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
1. Glycolysis - cytoplasm
2. Pyruvate formation - mitochondria
3. Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs cycle - mitochondria
4. Oxidative phosphorylation - mitochondria
What are the 2 general stages of photosynthesis and where do they take place in a plant cell?
1. Light dependent reactions - thylakoids
2. Calvin cycle/Carbon Fixation - stroma of plant cell
What are three common polysaccharides, what is their function, and in which cell type can they be found?
1. Glycogen: for energy storage, can be found in animal cells (liver and muscle)
2. Starch: for energy storage, can be found in plant cells
3. Cellulose: for structure, can be found in plant cell walls
What are the 3 checkpoints in the mitotic cell cycle?
G1-S phase, G2-Metaphase, and Metaphase-Anaphase checkpoints.
What are the products of glycolysis? Include the net and total ATP produced.
4 ATP total produced, net of 2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate molecules (1 glucose molecule gets converted into 2 pyruvate molecules)
What role does NADH and FADH2 play in cellular respiration? What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
NADH and FADH2 act as electron carriers that bring electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC) to help make the H+ proton gradient.
Final electron acceptor in the ETC is oxygen.
(Double Jeopardy)
Why do plants require water?
Water is required in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis since it is split to provide e- to chlorophyll pigments in PSI in order to be able to continue the process of photosynthesis. Water acts as the electron donor
(Double Jeopardy)
List the steps of mitosis and describes what happens in each step briefly.
Prophase: DNA condenses
Prometaphase: Nuclear envelope fragments, spindle attaches to chromosomes
Metaphase: Chromosomes align on metaphase plate
Anaphase: A) Chromatids separate and move to the poles B) Centrosomes move to the poles of the cell and cell elongates
Telophase: (Reverse prophase) Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope reforms
(Double Jeopardy)
What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?
Meiosis produces 4 haploid non-identical cells, mitosis produces 2 diploid identical cells. Crossing over takes place in meiosis only. Homologs join together and separate in meiosis only.
Describe the 3 phases of glycolysis and the products released during each (i.e. how much ATP and NADH are made in each phase).
1. Energy Investment: 2 ATP are used to make intermediates
2. Energy Generation / Harvest: 4 ATP and 2 NADH are made through redox reactions
3. Production of Pyruvate: 2 Pyruvate and 2 ATP
Why is it important to generate a proton (H+) gradient in the ETC?
Creating a proton gradient will cause H+ to diffuse down ATP synthase in order to provide the energy to phosphorylate ADP into ATP.
How many of the 6 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules actually leave the Calvin cycle to be used in other cellular processes?
Only 1 leaves the cycle, while the remaining 5 are used to regenerate RBP to keep the cycle going.
What are the four levels of protein structure? Describe each one.
1. Primary: linear chain of amino acids
2. Secondary: alpha helices and beta pleated sheets form between amino acids
3. Tertiary: 3D folding of polypeptide
4. Quaternary: Multiple polypeptide subunits coming together
What are the five main components needed for translation?
1. mRNA
2. tRNA
3. Ribosome
4. Protein factors (eukaryotes)
5. Amino-acyl tRNA synthetase
(Double Jeopardy)
What are the 3 regulatory enzymes in glycolysis and what do they produce?
1. Hexokinase - produces glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) in the first step
2. Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) - produces fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) in the second step
3. Pyruvate kinase - produces pyruvate in the very last step
What are the products of pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle?
Pyruvate oxidation: 2 pyruvate get converted into
- 2 Acetyl CoA
- 2 NADH are released
-2 CO2 are released
Citric acid cycle: For every 1 Acetyl CoA that enters the cycle,
- 2 CO2
- 3 NADH
- 1 FADH2
- 1 ATP
What are the products of both the light dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle?
Light dependent: ATP and NADPH
Calvin cycle: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
What is the difference between the leading and lagging strand? Why does the lagging strand take place at all?
Leading: continuous DNA synthesis with no gaps
Lagging: discontinuous DNA synthesis filled with Okazaki fragments and RNA primers
The lagging strand is usually going in the 3' to 5' direction, but DNA pol. III can only add nucleotides on the 3' OH end, which results in those Okazaki fragments.
What are the functions of the 2 modifications that take place under RNA processing in eukaryotes?
5' cap: protects mRNA from being degraded by enzymes and positions mRNA on ribosome for TL
3' Poly (a) tail: protects mRNA from being degraded, helps ribosomes locate mRNA,