Mitosis vs Meiosis
This process produces four haploid cells and is used for sexual reproduction.
Meiosis
A cell with one set of chromosomes is called this (symbol ). What is the term?
Haploid
During which phase do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles?
Anaphase (sister chromatids separate).
This organelle is the “powerhouse” and makes ATP from sugar and oxygen. Name it.
Mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria).
Describe the roles of the endoplasmic reticulum (both rough and smooth) in protein and membrane production.
Cell wall.
This process produces two identical daughter cells and is used for growth and repair.
Mitosis
During prophase I, homologous chromosomes may exchange segments. What is this called?
Crossing over (also called recombination).
What is the name for the stage when the nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes uncoil?
Telophase.
Which organelle protects DNA and is the control center for making proteins?
Nucleus.
Which organelle in plant cells captures sunlight and makes sugar (and also makes ATP in photosynthesis)?
Chloroplast.
During this process chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate as homologous pairs (tetrads). Name the process.
Meiosis (specifically metaphase I).
After meiosis I, the daughter nuclei are described as ______ (diploid or haploid?).
Haploid.
Name the two major steps that together make up cell division (one is nuclear division; the other is cytoplasm division).
Mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division).
Which organelle finishes, packages, and ships proteins (compared to a shipping/UPS department)?
Golgi apparatus.
Name the large storage sac in plant cells that holds water, food, and wastes.
Central vacuole.
Which process halves the chromosome number, and why is that important for producing gametes?
Meiosis; it reduces chromosome number so gametes have half the chromosomes and restore full number at fertilization.
Explain what “synapsis” is in meiosis in one sentence
Synapsis is the pairing of homologous chromosomes to form a tetrad during prophase I.
Why is precise alignment of chromosomes at metaphase important for cell division?
If chromosomes do not align precisely, daughter cells may receive the wrong number of chromosomes which can harm cell function.
Small membrane sacs that digest food and recycle cell parts are called what?
Lysosomes (small membrane sacs of digestive enzymes).
Which organelle is present in animal cells to help coordinate cell division but usually not found in plant cells?
Centrioles.
List three differences between meiosis and mitosis (chromosome number outcome, genetic identity of daughter cells, number of divisions).
Name proper differences
Describe how meiosis increases variation in a population (mention at least two mechanisms)
Meiosis increases variation by crossing over during prophase I and independent assortment of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I; plus random fertilization increases variation.
Describe a situation (in words) where mitosis occurs without cytokinesis — what does the resulting cell look like?
A possible answer: A cell that undergoes mitosis without cytokinesis will be multinucleated (one cell with multiple nuclei), because the nucleus divides but the cytoplasm does not.
Describe the roles of the endoplasmic reticulum (both rough and smooth) in protein and membrane production.
Rough ER has ribosomes and helps finish proteins; smooth ER makes membranes and lipids and does not have ribosomes.
— Compare and contrast three organelles or structures that are found in plant cells but not animal cells (explain each briefly).
Example: Cell wall (provides support and shape), chloroplasts (photosynthesis, make sugar and ATP in plants), large central vacuole (stores water, food, and waste and helps maintain turgor pressure). Note that mitochondria are in both; centrioles are generally in animal cells only.