Cell Signaling
This signaling type involves signal molecules traveling long distances through the bloodstream.
What is endocrine signaling?
Cells that permanently stop dividing often enter this cell cycle stage.
What is G0?
These cells can self-renew and differentiate into other cell types.
What are stem cells?
This phospholipid flips to the outer membrane during apoptosis.
What is Phosphatidylserine?
Genes that promote excessive proliferation when mutated are called these.
What are oncogenes?
These receptors are the largest family of cell surface receptors.
What are GPCRs?
These proteins activate CDKs to drive cell cycle progression.
What are cyclins?
These cells are partially differentiated descendants of stem cells.
What are progenitor cells? (may also accept transit-amplifying cells)
These membrane-bound fragments form during late apoptosis.
What are apoptotic bodies?
This is how stem cells and cancer cells extend their proliferative capability.
Increased telomerase activity.
These receptors contain intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity.
What are receptor tyrosine kinases?
These kinases are activated in response to DNA damage.
What are ATM and ATR?
This early embryonic stage is the source of embryonic stem cells.
What is a blastocyst?
Bax and Bak form pores during this mitochondrial event.
What is MOMP (Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Permeabilization)?
This pathway is strongly associated with early inflammatory signaling.
What is the NF-kB pathway?
What is the Notch pathway?
This protein induces expression of p21 (CDK inhibitor) during the DNA damage response.
This terms describes that embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any cell type in the body.
What is pluripotent?
This structure is formed as a complex of cytochrome c and Apaf-1.
What is the apoptosome?
This tumor suppressor binds E2F TF and represses G1/S genes when unphosphorylated.
What is Rb?
This pathway integrates nutrient, energy, and growth factor signals to regulate growth.
What is the mTOR pathway?
This ubiquitin ligase is inhibited early in the cell cycle but is activated after the spindle assembly checkpoint in M phase.
What is APC/C?
This region of the intestinal epithelium contains stem cells and transit-amplifying cells.
What is the crypt?
Members of this protein family inhibit Bax and Bak activity.
What is the Bcl-2 family?
This G-protein of the MAP Kinase pathway is frequently mutated in cancers, and remain locked in the activated conformation.
What is Ras?