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Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport
Respiration
Photosynthesis
100
Define diffusion
The passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient, or from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration.
100
Defin osmosis
.Diffusion of a solvent (usually water molecules) through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
100
Define Active Transport
A kind of transport wherein ions or molecules move against a concentration gradient, which means movement in the direction opposite that of diffusion – or – movement from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Hence, this process will require expenditure of energy, and the assistance of a type of protein called a carrier protein.
100
Where does Anaerobic respiration occur in a cell
Anaerobic respiration occurs in Cytoplasm of the cell
100
What is the equation for photosynthesis
6CO₂+ 6H₂O produces C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
200
What cell organelle is resonsible for diffusion
The cell membrane is responsible for diffusion in a cell.
200
What cell organelle is resonsible for osmosis
The cell membrane is responsible for osmosis in a cell
200
What cell organelle is resonsible for active transport
The cell membrane is responsible for active transport
200
Where does aerobic resperation occur in a cell
Aerobic respiration occurs in the Mitochondria of the cell
200
What is Dark reaction of photosynthesis
The dark reaction takes place in the stroma within the chloroplast, and converts CO2 to sugar. This reaction doesn't directly need light in order to occur, but it does need the products of the light reaction (ATP and another chemical called NADPH). The dark reaction involves a cycle called the Calvin cycle in which CO2 and energy from ATP are used to form sugar. Actually, notice that the first product of photosynthesis is a three-carbon compound called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Almost immediately, two of these join to form a glucose molecule.
300
What is the proccess of diffusion
Diffusion is the tendency of molecules to spread into an available space. This tendency is a result of the intrinsic thermal energy (heat) found in all molecules at temperatures above absolute zero. Without other outside forces at work, substances will move/diffuse from a more concentrated environment to a less concentrated environment. No work is performed for this to happen, as diffusion is a spontaneous process.
300
What is the proccess of osmosis
o The cell is a closed structure protected by its semi permeable plasma membrane. o This membrane will allow certain molecules to enter or leave the cell, depending on their size and or charge (+ or -). o Water will to enter or leave the cell based upon its concentration on either side of the cell’s membrane. • Osmosis Begins o Notice the higher concentration of water on the left of the cell membrane o Random Molecular motion will allow the more concentrated water molecules (left) to move toward the right. • Osmosis Occurs in Both Directions o Osmosis is an on going process. o Water is always moving in both directions. o The net movement of water is always in the direction from the higher concentration to the lower one. • Balance o Even when the concentration of water is equal on both sides of the membrane, osmosis still continues. o This occurs at a slower rate maintaining the balance. • Let’s Apply this to a Real Situation o What can cause a human blood cell to swell and burst or shrink? • Hypertonic Solution o When the solution inside the blood cell has a high solute concentration than its environment, the cell is said to be hypertonic to its environment. o Water will diffuse in. The cell cannot get rid of the water fast enough, and the cell swells and lysis.
300
What is the proccess of Active Transport
Active transport uses energy to move substances against (up) a concentration gradient or across a partially permeable membrane. In active transport a special transport protein in the cell membrane picks up the useful particle on one side of the membrane. The transport protein then rotates through the membrane and releases the particle on the other side of the membrane. This uses energy fromcellular respiration. Active transport is used to move substances into cells and out of cells. Cells which carry out a lot of active transport often have lots of mitochondria to give them the energy they need. Active transport is important in the kidney for hanging on to the substances needed by the body such as glucose and some sodium ions.
300
Give an explination of anaerobic resperiation
Humans, who are aerobes, carry out anaerobic respiration, especially when muscles perform strenuous exercise resulting in oxygen debt The cells then turn to anaerobic respiration to generate energy. Lactic acid and ATP are produced however the energy net gain is less compared with that in aerobic respiration.
400
Spell diff**ion
Diffusion
400
Spell osmosies
OSMOSIS
400
Spell Acttiv trensport
Active Transport
400
What is the equation for Respiration
Equation for the overall reaction C₆H₁₂O₆ + 2ATP + 6H₂O + 38ADP + 38P + 6O₂ produces 2ADP + 2P + 6CO₂ + 12H₂O + 38ATP
500
Give an example of where diffusion takes place in the human body
In the human body diffusion takes place in many organs such as the stomach. Through diffusion nutrients enter the blood stream, and then they are transported to the needy cells. A concentration gradient is normally created to facilitate exchange of material between the body tissues and cells.
500
Give an example of osmosis in plants
Osmosis is the movement of liquid molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane. An example of osmosis can be the intake of water molecules in plants. As the cell sap of the root hair cell has a more concentrated solution than the soil, water particles moves in the cell through osmosis
500
Give an example of Active transport
Active transport uses cellular energy, unlike passive transport, which does not use cellular energy. Active transport is a good example of a process for which cells require energy. Examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose in the intestines in humans and the uptake of mineral ions into root hair cells of plants. [1]
500
Give an explimation of aerobic respriation
Aerobic Respiration Aerobic respiration is the release of energy from glucose or another organic substrate in the presence of Oxygen. Strictly speaking aerobic means in air, but it is the Oxygen in the air which is necessary for aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration is in the absence of air. Here is a molecular model of a glucose molecule. You do not need to memorise the diagram for you GCSE exam, but it should help you to understand that a molecule of glucose contains six atoms of Carbon (shown in blue), twelve atoms of Hydrogen (shown in green), and six atoms of Oxygen (shown in red). In our tissues glucose can be broken down to release energy. The energy is used to make a substance called Adenosine Tri-Phosphate or ATP as it is usually called. ATP can provide energy for other processes such as muscle contractions. Here is a balanced chemical equation for the process of aerobic respiration. You only need to memorise this for the Higher Tier GCSE paper, however I am sure that you really want a grade “A” so why not memorise it.
500
What is light reaction
The light reaction happens in the thylakoid membrane and converts light energy to chemical energy. This chemical reaction must, therefore, take place in the light. Chlorophyll and several other pigments such as beta-carotene are organized in clusters in the thylakoid membrane and are involved in the light reaction. Each of these differently-colored pigments can absorb a slightly different color of light and pass its energy to the central chlorphyll molecule to do photosynthesis. The central part of the chemical structure of a chlorophyll molecule is a porphyrin ring, which consists of several fused rings of carbon and nitrogen with a magnesium ion in the center. The energy harvested via the light reaction is stored by forming a chemical called ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a compound used by cells for energy storage. This chemical is made of the nucleotide adenine bonded to a ribose sugar, and that is bonded to three phosphate groups. This molecule is very similar to the building blocks for our DNA.