Local and Long Distance Signaling
How does direct signaling between animal cells and plant cells differ?
What is through gap junctions and the plasmodesmata?
What is a signal molecule that binds to a larger molecule?
What is a ligand?
Where are intracellular receptors found in?
What is the cytoplasm and nucleus?
What is the first step in signal transduction?
What is reception?
What is endocrine signaling?
What type of change occurs to the structure of a receptor when the ligand binds to it?
What is a conformational change?
How does a signaling molecule reach the receptor?
What are enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to another protein?
What is protein kinase?
Paracrine signaling is an example of?
What is short-distance (local) signaling?
Which protein works with the help of a G protein?
What is G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)?
What type of molecules are able to pass through the plasma membrane?
What are hydrophobic molecules?
These intracellular signals allow more signal regulation and require less energy input.
What are second messengers?
Where does synaptic signaling occur?
What is in animal nervous systems?
When a ligand binds to this receptor, a channel opens and allows the flow of ions through the membrane.
What is ligand-gated ion channels?
What types of molecules are usually intracellular signals?
Steroids
What is a series of chemical reactions during cell signaling where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction?
What is Phosphorylation Cascade?
What hormone is released by the pancreas into the bloodstream where it circulates through the body to regulate glucose levels?
What is insulin?
What are 2 senses that GPCR pathways play a role in?
What is sight, smell, and taste?
What proteins control which genes are transcribed into mRNA in a particular cell at a particular time?
What is transcription factors?
The addition of phosphate groups often changes the form of a protein from _____ to ______?
What is inactive to active?