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Signal Principles
Channels
Receptors
Energy
Metabolic Regulation
100
Most signals are secreted out of the cell by
What is: Exocytosis
100
Name two voltage gated ion channels
What is: Na+, K+
100
cGMP and cAMP are created by which two enzymes?
What is: Guanylyl cyclase and Adenylate cyclase
100
What pathways are described by this: 1) Synthetic process in which various complex biomolecules are assembled from simpler precursors 2) Characteristically favored during sedentary and fed states
What is: Anabolic pathways
100
Enzyme that catalyzes the opposite reaction of a phosphatase is called a
What is: Kinase
200
Crucial differences in signaling of secreted molecules lies in what two aspects?
What is: Speed and selectivity
200
Which of the six basic receptor types is not found around the same location in the cell as the others?
What is: Nuclear receptors
200
What enzyme breaks down PIP2 into DAG and IP3?
What is: Phospholipase C
200
The final acceptor of electrons from NADH is
What is: O2.
200
Reversible, non-covalent binding of an activator or inhibitor to a site on the enzyme that is distinct from the active site.
What is: Allosteric binding
300
Community effect is an example of what type of signaling?
What is: Autocrine
300
Hypothalamus releases factors that travel to which gland?
What is: Pituitary
300
Protein Kinase A is activated by
What is: cAMP
300
Order these circulating nutrients from most to least: Glucose, Fatty Acids, Amino Acids
What is: Fatty Acids, Glucose, Amino Acids
300
Substrate availability generally can be regulated by what two methods? (this does not include synthesis/degradation of substrate itself)
What is: Coupling to other pathways, Compartmentalization
400
Pattern of gap junction connections can be revealed by what two methods?
What is: Intracellular electrodes. Water-soluble dyes.
400
When aldosterone enters the blood, it is eliminated within: A. Seconds/milliseconds B. Minutes C. Hours D. Days
What is: C. Steroid hormones-hours. Neurotransmitters-seconds/milliseconds. Water-soluble hormones-minutes. Thyroid hormones-days.
400
SH2/SH3 Adapters-Effectors are found in what type of signaling?
What is: Tyrosine Kinase
400
Adenylate kinase catalyes which rxn
What is: 2ADP <----> AMP + ATP
400
Insulin, Glucagon, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Cortisol are extracellular regulators. For each, should it activate or inhibit catabolic pathways?
What is: Insulin-inhibits. All other activates.
500
If ligand X binds to the same receptor Y on different cells, will it have the same effect? Why or why not?
What is: Yes or no depending on if the response pathway is the same or not.
500
Which 2 amino acids are of create neurotransmitters that trigger opening of cation channels such as Ca2+ channels
What is: Tryptophan (serotonin) and glutamate.
500
1) All downstream effectors of small G proteins have what two functionally distinct domains? 2) Bound to GDP, is the G-protein on or off? 3) Tyrosine Kinase pathway includes autophosphorylation of substrate. True or False? (must answer all 3 questions correctly to receive pts)
What is: 1) Small G-protein binding domain. Catalytic domain. 2) GTP-On. GDP-Off. 3) False. Autophosphorylation is of receptor.
500
Would alkenes (double bond between C-C) or alkynes (triple bond between C-C) better sources for chemical energy? Why?
What is: Alkenes, because they are less oxidized than alkynes. Alkenes can be reduced by addition of 2 protons, whereas alkynes can be reduced by addition of 4 protons. Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are good sources of chemical energy because their carbon is reduced, the oxidative reactions of catabolism release reducing equivalents from these substrates, often in the form of hydride ions, which can be transferred to NAD+ to make NADH.
500
Three ways to regulate enzymes are:
What is: allosterism, reversible covalent modifications, and levels of expression