Organelles
Which organelle contains genetic information?
Nucleus
Define "cell."
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
What is the role of proteins in the plasma membrane?
Transport proteins allow large/charged particle in and out of the cell
Peripheral proteins aid in cell signaling and recognition
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across the plasma membrane.
Which type of microscope do we have in our lab: compound light microscopes or electron microscopes?
Compound light
What energy molecule is produced by mitochondria?
ATP
What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote?
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
What is the primary macromolecule that composes the cell membrane?
Phospholipid
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
Active requires ATP, passive does not
What would movement of water look like when a cell is in an isotonic solution?
An isotonic solution has the same concentration of water and solutes as the cytoplasm of the cell.
Water still moves through the membrane, but it enters and leaves at the same rate.
What organelle would be responsible for digesting bacteria that an immune cell engulfed?
Lysosomes
Name one organelle plant cells have that animal cells don't.
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
The membrane regulates what can enter and exit the cell, ensuring that concentrations of water and solutes are at optimal levels for homeostasis. For example, the membrane selectively allows glucose into the cell when blood sugar is high.
Explain how transport would look when in a state of dynamic equilibrium.
Molecules continue to move, but the overall concentration remains the same.
If we place a grape into pure water, which direction would water move? How would we classify the water solution?
Water is hypotonic to the grape. Water will move into the grape.
Golgi apparatus
What physical trait do all cells have in common?
Plasma membrane
Explain how the polarity of the phospholipid bilayer results in its structure.
Polar heads face the aqueous interior and exterior, while nonpolar tails are hidden inside and blocked from water.
Compare and contrast facilitated diffusion and active transport.
Both use membrane proteins to transport substances.
FD is passive, no energy required. Active transport requires energy.
Describe the process of exocytosis. Is this a form of active or passive transport? What size of particles are transported this way?
Exocytosis is the excretion of materials at the plasma membrane. A vesicle fuses with the membrane, released its contents outside of the cell. This is active transport and is used to transport large particles.
Describe the role of 4 different organelles in protein synthesis, in order.
Transcription (DNA→RNA): NUCLEUS
Translation (RNA→protein): RIBOSOMES
Protein folding/transport to Golgi: ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Protein packaging for transport: GOLGI APPARATUS
5. Exocytosis (release of protein into extracellular environment): PLASMA MEMBRANE
What is the endosymbiont theory? What does it try to explain?
The endosymbiont theory proposes that a symbiotic relationship formed between two prokaryotic cells, one of which lived inside the other. Eventually the symbiotic relationship led to the two cells becoming one. This explains the existence of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Explain the role of cholesterol in the phospholipid bilayer.
Cholesterol prevents the fatty acid tails of the phospholipid bilayer from sticking together. This allows for fluidity of the membrane.
Are found in the plasma membrane of animal cells
Maintain levels of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) inside/outside the cell
In a process called coupled transport, sugars can pair with Na+ ions and enter the cell through a membrane protein called a coupled channel.
Name the three components of cell theory.
All living organisms are composed of one of more cells.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms.
Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells.