Intro to Cells
What is a Cell?
What are the two types of cells?
A cell is the basic unit of life that contains organelles that carry out essential life functions.
Prokaryotic and Eurkaryotic
The Capsule and Pili are both used for
attachment
What makes up the Phospholipid Bilayer?
HINT: Draw the Plasma Membrane
Include Phospholipids with Hydrophilic Head and Hydrophobic Tails
Plants have ______ _______ that make them more rigid and sturdy when they grow
cell wall
What are the four macromolecules and give an example of each
1. Carbohydrates- Glucose
2. Lipids- Phospholipid Bilayer
3. Proteins-Chicken
4. Nucleic Acids- DNA and RNA
DAILY DOUBLE!
What are three tenets of Cell Theory?
BONUS- Who are the two scientists that came up with cell theory?
1. All organisms are composed of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of life
3 .Cells only come from pre-existing cells
The two scientists are Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
What is the difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.
Give examples of each
Prokaryotic cell: single celled; does not contain a nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles
Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotic cell: has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus
Protists, Animals, Humans and Fungi
Mitochondria have _______ that are these inner folds that are part of the inner membrane
cristae
Lysosomes and Centrosomes are found in ______; while Prokaryotic cells include ________, ________ and ___________
Animal; cell wall, chloroplasts and large central vacuole
Which of the following is both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
a. nucleus
b. mitochondrion
c. vacuole
d. ribosomes
D. Ribosomes
ribosomes are not really membrane bounded but responsible for protein synthesis.
What are the four common structures that all cells have?
1. Plasma membrane: outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment
2. Cytoplasm: jelly-like cytosol within the cell that contains other cellular components
3. DNA: cell’s genetic material
4. Ribosomes:responsible for synthesizing proteins
DNA is found _____________ in prokaryotes and ______ in eukaryotes
DNA in Prokaryotes are ________ and DNA in Eukaryotes are ____________
Nucleoid;Nucleus
Single Circular Double Strand; Multi Linear Double Strand
DAILY DOUBLE
Identify and Describe the 5 components of the nucleus?
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria are both very similar to each other. What is two traits that both of them share?
They both make energy for the cell.
ATP versus Photosynthesis
They both include their own DNA
The key components of desmosomes are cadherins and __________.
a. actin
b. microfilaments
c. intermediate filaments
d. microtubules
c. intermediate filaments- keratin
Made of several strands of fibrous proteins that are wound together; that help maintain structure
DAILY DOUBLE
What is DNA? Include the structure of a nucleotide and how does the double helix form?
BONUS: What is the Base Pairing Rule?
DNA includes all the genetic material of the cell.
DNA's structure includes a nitrogenous base, phosphate group and pentose sugar.
The double helix is formed by nitrogenous bases bonded together by hydrogen bonds
C to G - Universal and A to T but on the side to U(RNA)
Bacteria are found everywhere in our environment, including in our digestive system. Where is Archaea found?
Archaea is found in extremes environments. This is because they are vary rare and as common as bacteria.
DAILY DOUBLE
Describe on how all the cells connect for protein synthesis. Set up the pathway
Recap Slides
1. Nucleus codes information for the protein
2. This information leaves the nucleus as mRNA
3. mRNA enters the Ribosome and the primary structure of the polypeptide chain is produced
4. Polypeptide chain travels to the Rough ER
5. Protein folding occurs in ER
6. Transport vesicles bring proteins to the Golgi apparatus
7. Golgi apparatus sorts, packs, and tags and prepares to send them out
8. Completed protein then enters a secretory vesicle and is transported around or out of the cell
What is the difference between extracellular junctions and intercellular junctions? Provide examples in plant and animal cells
ECM- Complex network of proteins and carbohydrates that exists outside of the plasma membrane
IJ- Direct contact between cells
Plant- Plasmodesmata
Animal- Tight Junctions,Gap Junctions and Desmosomes.
Which of the following is most likely to have the greatest concentration of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
a. a cell that secretes enzymes
b. a cell that destroys pathogens
c. a cell that makes steroid hormones
d. a cell that engages in photosynthesis
c. a cell that makes steroid hormones
Smooth ER- helps to syntheize lipids and other macromolecules.
steroids are an example of lipids
We can understand that when cell size increases, it's surface area to volume ratio decreases. Explain why it is benefical for cells to be small?
When the cell size is increasing, the plasma membrane can’t keep up with diffusing molecules and waste in and out of the cell. This means when molecules travel around the cell, it takes them forever to reach their destination. When the cell is small it allows for quick exchange with the surrounding environment and fast transport of materials within the cell. If a cell continues to get bigger, it changes shape, divides, or dies
Draw a Prokaryotic Cell.
Include the following
Cell Membrane(Plasma Membrane)
Nucleoid
Cell Wall
Capsule
Pili
Flagellum
Ribosome
Slide 13- Lecture
Recap -6
There are 10 major organelles
found in all eukaryotic cells.
What are their functions?
-Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Ribosome
- Smooth ER
- Rough ER
- Golgi apparatus
- Peroxisome
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Vacuoles & vesicles
DAILY DOUBLE
Diseased animal cells may produce molecules that activate death cascades to kill the cells in a controlled manner. Why would neighboring healthy cells also die?
a. The death molecule is passed through desmosomes.
b. The death molecule is passed through plasmodesmata.
c. The death molecule disrupts the extracellular matrix.
d. The death molecule passes through gap junctions.
d. The death molecule passes through gap junctions
It can't be ECM because it is says neighboring cell
It cant be plasmodesmata because that is only for plant cells
It can't be desmosomes(adhesion for tissues and muscles) or tight junctions(prevent leaks becasue both of different functions.
TEXTBOOK : Desmosomes maintain the cells in a sheet-like formation in organs and tissues that stretch, like the skin, heart, and muscles.
DAILY DOUBLE
Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of neurons due to a buildup of sphingolipids in the cells. Which organelle is malfunctioning in Tay Sachs?
a. lysosome
b. endoplasmic reticulum
c. peroxisome
d. mitochondria
a. lysosome- are the cellular organelles that contain enzymes to digest waste materials and cellular debris. "Garbage Disposal"