Cell structure
What are 2 major differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes: no membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, unicellular, smaller and simple
What is a cell?
- Cells are the primary building blocks of all life. They come in all shapes and sizes and are made of organelles.
- They are the smallest units of life that can live and reproduce on their own (asexually) or sexually. Most need a microscope to be seen.
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of protein fibers that extend through the cytoplasm.
It helps give the cells its shape, structure, and ability to move.
cell membranes are made up of a ________ bilayer and includes transport ____________ inside the membrane that help with facilitated diffusion or active tranport.
phospholipid bi-layer, transport proteins.
What is homeostasis?
How living organisms maintain internal a stable internal environment.
Name three main differences between plant and animal cells.
Plant cells: have cell walls, chloroplast, larger vacuole.
Animals: no cell wall, smaller or absent vacuoles, no cell wall, has centrioles
Who developed the cell theory?
German scientists Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolph Virchow
What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?
The main components are Microfilaments (Actin filaments), intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
What are foutransport.r ways that nutrients travel across the membrane. Included in that four are the two types of passive
- Facilitated diffusion
- Simple diffusion
- Osmosis
- Active transport
What are examples 2 examples of maintaining homeostasis?
- blood sugar control (insulin)
- body temperature regulation (sweating or shivering)
- Kidneys maintaining water balance
- Heart rate increase or decreases from activity levels
What does the golgi apparatus do?
Modifies, sorts and packages proteins from the er for storage or transport
How was Robert Hooke involved in discovering the cell?
Used a compound microscope to examine cork (made from tree bark). He found chambers and named them cells.
What filament drive muscle contraction?
Microfilaments
What are carrier proteins.
Proteins that change shape to move material from one side of the membrane to the other.
________ are long term energy storages and ___ are short term energy storages.
Lipids long term energy. Carbohydrates are short term energy.
What do centrioles do?
Help animal cells divide
What are the three parts to the cell theory?
All living things are made up of cells
Cells are the basic units of life
New cells come from pre-existing cells
What is the difference between flagella and cilia and what component of the cytoskeleton make them up?
Flagella: long tail like extension of the cytoskeleton that use circular propeller motion to swim in a direction.
Cilia: Short hair like projections that uses back and forth motions to move.
Both are made from microtubules.
What are channel proteins.
Hydrophilic pore that move substances down their concentration gradient from one side of the membrane to the other.
Enzymes do what?
Speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.
What is the difference between the smooth er and rough er and what is the function of the ribosomes.
Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes and is involved in the synthesis of lipids.
Rough ER: contains ribosomes and functions in protein processing/transporting.
Ribosomes: synthesizes proteins
What are the three modern additions to the cell theory?
Genetic information is passed from parent cells to daughter cells
Energy flow occurs within the cell
All cells have similar chemical composition
What is the list in order of multicellular organization?
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism.
What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis. Name one form of endocytosis.
Endocytosis
Moves things into the cell.
Pinocytosis = extracellular particles brought in.
Receptor mediated = cells recognize vesicle and engulfs it
Phagocytosis = Extracellular fluid brought in.
Exocytosis = movement of vesicles outside of the cell.
What are the 6 steps of the scientific method.
- Question
- Research
- Hypothesize
- Experiment
- Analyze
- Share