Macromolecules
What are the four macromolecules found in living organisms?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
Quick energy for cells
What is the building block of a protein?
Amino acids
What molecule is split during glycolysis?
Glucose
What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis?
The light dependent reactions
The light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)
Which macromolecule stores genetic information?
Nucleic acids
Glucose and fructose are examples of...
Monosaccharides
What are the main functions of proteins in the body?
Building/repairing tissues, enzymes, movement, transport, immunity.
What phases of cellular respiration require oxygen?
Kreb's cycle and Electron transport chain
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
In the stroma of the chloroplasts
Which macromolecule is made from amino acids?
Proteins
What type of fatty acid contains only single bonds?
Saturated fats
How many essential amino acids does the human body need from food?
9
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
Electron transport chain (ETC)
What pigment absorbs light energy during the light dependent reactions?
Chlorophyll
Which macromolecule is the main component of cell membranes, and why is this important for cell function?
Lipids; they form a barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Where are unsaturated fats mainly found?
Plant sources like nuts and seeds
What are the DNA base‑pairing rules?
A binds with T, G binds with C
What is the role of NADH and FADH₂?
These coenzymes carry high‑energy electrons to the ETC.
What are the products of the light‑dependent reactions?
ATP, NADPH, O₂
Which macromolecule has the highest energy density?
fats
What is the difference between sugars and starches?
Sugars are simple carbohydrates; starches are long‑chain polysaccharides.
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
Phosphate group, 5‑carbon sugar, nitrogen base.
Write the balanced equation for aerobic cellular respiration.
Answer: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 36 ATP.
Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis.
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂