Cells and their structure
The three key statements of the cell theory
What are 1. Living organisms are made up of one or more cells 2. There is no smaller unit of life than cells 3. Every new cell comes from a pre-existing cell.
The equation to calculate the magnification of an image.
What is Mag = Measured size/actual size
As a cube shaped cell's size increases, it's surface area to volume ratio does this.
What is decreases.
The two key characteristics of stem cells.
What are self-renewing (they can divide many times and stay unspecialized) and potency (they can differentiate into specialized cells)?
Any 5 of the 7 functions of life...
What are 1. Metabolism, 2. Reproduction, 3. Homeostasis, 4. Nutrition, 5. Excretion, 6. Response and 7. Growth.
The measured length of a cell's nucleus on a micrograph is 15 mm. The micrograph is magnified 300X. This is the size of the cell's nucleus.
What is 0.05 mm (or 50 um)
The advantages of compartmentalization in eukaryotes.
What is increased efficiency from having multiple processes occurring at the same time in different parts of the cells.
A rich source of multipotent (Adult) stem cells that can be used to treat blood diseases.
A unicellular organism with no internal compartments surrounded by membranes.
What is a prokaryote.
The magnification of a drawing of a bacterium with a scale bar 10 mm across with 1 um written under it.
What is 10,000x
An explanation of emergent properties using an example.
What is: Emergent properties are properties that are not present at simpler levels of organization. For example a single heart muscle cell cannot pump blood alone, but together with all of the other cells in the body, blood can be pumped.
Differentiated cells have the same genetic material but produce different cellular products because of this...
An outline of how the unicellular organism Paramecium performs the life functions of Nutrition and Homeostasis.
What is... Nutrition: it captures smaller cells into its food vacuole Response: it swims away from unfavorable conditions using cilia Homeostasis: contractile vacuole removes excess water
Electron microscopes create clearer more detailed images than light microscopes because they have more of this.
What is resolution power.
DAILY DOUBLE!!! An outline of how 8 small cells are more efficient at acquiring nutrients than one large cell with the same volume.
What is... the smaller cells have a greater combined surface area allowing for greater exchange of materials and nutrients.
A discussion of the ethical issues surrounding embryonic stem cell use in medicine. Including both pros and cons.
What is: Pro - Embryonic Stem cell technology has potential to make life changing improvements to people.
Cons - ESC could be used to clone humans; ESC requires the destruction of a human embryo and thus a human life; human embryos have potential to develop into an individual; etc.
An outline of the functions of golgi, ribosomes, and mitochondria
What is: Golgi: stores modifies and packages proteins Ribosomes: manufacture proteins Mitochondria: convert chemical energy into ATP
What is A: Magnification = 2000x
B: Actual length of the protist = 75um or .075mm
Pancreatic cells are specialized to produce large amounts of digestive enzymes (proteins) and secrete them into the pancreatic duct. These three organelles would be needed to do this job for these reasons. (for example: Golgi - to process the enzymes)
1. Nucleus - to transcribe the genes for the enzyme. 2. Rough ER or Ribosomes - produce or synthesizes enzymes. 3. Mitochondrion - produce ATP to provide energy for enzyme production. or 4. Vesicles - to carry enzymes to (plasma) membrane
A summary of why stem cells are attractive for therapeutic uses (with example).
What is stem cells can differentiate into any type of specialized cells potentially replacing lost or damaged tissues. Example - replacing pancreatic beta cells to treat type 1 diabetes.