Cells & Organization
What is the smallest structural and functional unit of a living organism?
What is a cell?
What type of biological molecule are most enzymes?
What are proteins?
What is the process of maintaining relatively stable internal conditions?
What is homeostasis?
Which organelle contains most of a eukaryotic cell's genetic material and helps control gene expression?
What is the nucleus?
A runner's heart rate and breathing rate increase during exercise. Why?
What is to meet increased oxygen and energy demands and remove more carbon dioxide?
Arrange these from smallest to largest: organ, tissue, cell, organ system.
What is cell → tissue → organ → organ system?
What is the region of an enzyme where its substrate binds?
What is the active site?
What are the three main components of a homeostatic control system?
What are receptor, control center, and effector?
Which organelle is the main site of aerobic ATP production in eukaryotic cells?
What are mitochondria?
A patient has an oxygen saturation of 86%. Which vital sign is dangerously low?
What is oxygen saturation (SpOâ‚‚)?
Why do muscle cells contain large numbers of mitochondria?
What is to produce ATP needed for muscle contraction?
What happens to the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction as temperature rises toward its optimum?
What is the reaction rate generally increases?
Which part of the brain acts as the main control center for body temperature regulation?
What is the hypothalamus?
Which organelles synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA?
What are ribosomes?
Someone becomes dehydrated after exercising in the heat. How might this affect their circulation?
What is reduced blood volume, which can decrease blood pressure and tissue perfusion?
What happens to an organ if many of its specialized cells become damaged?
What is reduced organ function because the affected cells cannot perform their roles effectively?
Why can an extreme change in pH cause an enzyme to stop functioning?
What is a change in the enzyme's three-dimensional shape that disrupts its active site?
Your body sweats when it becomes too hot. What type of feedback mechanism does this illustrate?
What is negative feedback?
A cell cannot modify, sort, or package proteins correctly for transport. Which organelle may be malfunctioning?
What is the Golgi apparatus?
A patient has a fever. Why is it inaccurate to say the fever is caused simply by mitochondria becoming overactive?
What is that fever involves an immune-triggered increase in the hypothalamic temperature set point?
A disease damages the cilia lining the airways. Explain how this could affect the respiratory system.
What is reduced mucus clearance, causing particles and pathogens to accumulate and increasing the risk of infection?
Severe overheating damages several enzymes in cells. Explain how this could affect an entire organ.
What is disruption of essential chemical reactions, leading to reduced cellular function and potentially organ failure?
How can extreme overheating create a dangerous cycle of homeostatic failure?
What is damage to cells and enzymes that weakens cooling and circulation, allowing temperature and organ dysfunction to worsen further?
A genetic disorder causes lysosomal digestive enzymes to malfunction. What might happen inside the cell?
What is the accumulation of substances that cannot be properly broken down or recycled?
A patient has low blood oxygen and poor circulation. Explain how this could affect mitochondrial function and the whole body.
What is reduced oxygen delivery limiting aerobic ATP production, impairing cell functions and potentially disrupting tissues and organs?