All about Cells!
Somatic (body) cell because it is diploid. Gametes are haploid.
Which organelle takes in energy from the sun and converts it into chemical energy?
Chloroplast
Define osmosis
The passive transport of water from H to L across a selectively permeable membrane.
True or False: During interphase, the cell still carries out metabolic processes.
True!
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Provides structural support and assist with cell movement
Describe how a cell's surface area to volume ratio impacts it's efficiency.
State what function SA affects and what function volume affects.
Cells are more efficient when they have a HIGH SA:V ratio.
SA impacts nutrients coming into the cell and waste exiting the cell
Volume impacts the amount of chemical activity the cell can carry out.
Mitochondria
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic environment and why.
The cell will shrink. There is more solute outside of the cell so water will move out of the cell.
How is cytokinesis different in plant cells compared to animal cells?
Plant cells have a cell plate.
Why is a phospholipid considered amphiphilic?
It has hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends.
What structures are found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? (4 things)
Cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasma (cell) membrane, and DNA
What is the function of a lysosome?
break down molecules (uses enzymes to do this)
An animal cell is placed in a solution. The animal cell looks normal and their is no net movement of water. The solution must be ____________.
Isotonic
List the steps that a somatic (body) cell would go through in order to reproduce
Interphase (G1, S, G2) , Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase), Cytokinesis
Name three organelles that a plant cell has that an animal cell does not have.
Cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplast
What are the three parts to the cell theory?
Cells are the basic units of life
All living things are made of cells
All cells come from existing cells
How do the golgi apparatus and ER work together?
The rough ER sends proteins (via a vesicle) to the golgi
Compare and contrast active transport and passive transport.
passive- does not use energy, H->L, down the concentration gradient
What occurs during Prophase I that increase genetic variation in organisms?
crossing over
How are the smooth ER and rough ER different? Include how their structure AND function are different.
Smooth- no ribosomes; makes lipids and carbs
Rough- has ribosomes; makes proteins
The endosymbiotic theory states that the chloroplast and mitochondria evolved from prokaryotic cells.
Evidence: each have their own DNA, their own ribosomes, and they have a double membrane.
How do organelles benefit eukaryotic cells?
Helps increase cell's efficiency
Active transport- uses energy, L->H
They both use proteins to move materials in and out of the cell.
Compare and contract mitosis and meiosis (3 major differences)
Mitosis- results in two identical daughter cells, 1 round of division, somatic cells, asexual reproduction, diploid to diploid
Meiosis- results in four unique haploid cells, used to create gametes for sexual reproduction, 2 rounds of division, diploid to haploid
Describe the structure AND function of the plasma membrane.
Structure- phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
Function- allow materials in and out of the cell