Cell Theory
He looked at a piece of cork and thought the little boxes looked like rooms in a monastery, giving them this name.
Who is Robert Hooke?
Often called the "Powerhouse," this organelle converts nutrients into ATP energy.
What is the Mitochondria?
This type of transport moves oxygen or carbon dioxide from high to low concentration without using energy.
What is Diffusion?
As a cell grows larger, this measurement increases much faster than the surface area.
What is Volume?
This is the main structure that Eukaryotes have, but Prokaryotes lack.
What is a Nucleus?
This scientist was the first to see animalcules (living microorganisms) swimming in pond water.
Who is Anton van Leeuwenhoek?
This organelle is like a "Post Office"; it modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
What is the Golgi Apparatus?
When a cell needs to move molecules against the concentration gradient (Low to High), it requires this.
What is Active Transport (or ATP/Energy)?
This is the process where a stem cell turns into a specialized cell, like a heart or muscle cell.
What is Differentiation?
Name two of the four structures that both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes share.
What are DNA, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, or Cell Membrane?
He contributed to the Cell Theory by stating that all plants are made of cells.
Who is Matthias Schleiden?
If a cell has a large central vacuole and a cell wall, it definitely belongs to this kingdom.
What are Plants?
This specific term describes the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
What is Osmosis?
This condition occurs when cells lose the ability to control their growth rate and divide uncontrollably.
What is Cancer?
Bacteria are the most common example of this cell type.
What are Prokaryotes?
This scientist’s addition to the Cell Theory was that all cells must come from pre-existing cells.
Who is Rudolf Virchow?
This organelle is the "Cleanup Crew," using enzymes to break down waste and old cell parts.
What is the Lysosome?
A cell uses this process to "bulk transport" large materials out of the cell using a vesicle.
What is Exocytosis?
These unspecialized cells are valuable in research because they can self-renew and become different cell types.
What are Stem Cells?
While Prokaryotes are usually unicellular, humans are...
What are Multicellular?
While Schleiden focused on plants, this scientist worked alongside him to conclude that all animals are also made of cells.
Who is Theodor Schwann?
In a plant cell, this organelle uses sunlight to create glucose, a process that animal cells cannot perform.
What is the Chloroplast?
These specific types of active transport proteins use ATP to force ions like Sodium (Na+) or Potassium (K+) across the membrane against their gradient.
What are Protein Pumps?
Explain the relationship between gene expression and differentiation in a stem cell.
What is: Differentiation is the process, but gene expression is the "how"—specific genes are turned "on" or "off" to tell the stem cell which specialized proteins to make.
Beyond just the nucleus, identify the major category of internal structures that Eukaryotes possess to organize their chemistry, which Prokaryotes completely lack.
What are membrane-bound organelles? (e.g., mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, etc.)