Cell Cycle
What does PMAT stand for? What stage does this occur in?
What is: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Interphase
What does a feedback loop do for a body? What is the purpose of a feedback loop?
What is: helps maintain homeostasis
Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of which of the following macromolecules?
What is: DNA and Proteins
Which of the following are the basic categories of chemical signaling found in multicellular organisms?
a) Paracrine signaling
b) Autocrine signaling
c) Endocrine signaling
d) All of the above
What is: (D) All of the above
Hydrophobic ligands cross the cellular membrane to use what kind of receptor?
What is: intracellular receptors (cytoplasmic receptors)?
Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells?
What is: 16
Which of the following would occur due to an disrupted feedback mechanism?
A. Fruit would not ripen in the presence of ethylene gas
B. During labor, oxytocin would be released due to pressure being placed on the cervix
C. People would sweat more when their internal temperature rose
D. Clotting agents would be produced whenever a person started bleeding.
What is: A, a fruit would not ripen in the presence of ethylene gas
What is the result of mitosis in a diploid cell?
A) Two diploid daughter cells
B) Four haploid daughter cells
C) Two haploid daughter cells
D) Four diploid daughter cells
What is: (A) Two diploid daughter cells
Which of the following statements is not true about G proteins?
a) G proteins are involved in signal cascades
b) G proteins become activated when bound to GDP
c) Guanine nucleotides regulate G proteins
d) None of the above
What is: (B) G proteins become activated when bound to GDP.
Many signal transduction pathways use second messengers to
What is: relay the message from the inside of the membrane throughout the cytoplasm
Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells?
What is: Centrioles
Ricky goes on a run for 20 minutes on a hot sunny day. Explain what type of feedback occurs and explain what happens to his internal temperature when he is exercising.
A. Negative feedback; His internal temperature is increasing
B. Positive feedback; His internal temperature is decreasing
C. Negative feedback; His internal temperature is decreasing
D. Positive feedback; His internal temperature is increasing.
What is: A, negative feedback his internal temperature is increasing.
What is the significance of mitosis in multicellular organisms?
A) It allows for the formation of gametes.
B) It enables growth and repair of tissues.
C) It produces genetic variation.
D) It is involved in the production of ATP.
What is: (B) It enables growth and repair of tissues.
Which of the following best describes the function of a transcription factor in cell signaling?
A) It activates G proteins.
B) It phosphorylates receptor proteins.
C) It amplifies the signal.
D) It regulates the expression of specific genes.
E) It is a second messenger.
What is a GPCR?
What is: a large, diverse group of membrane receptors in eukaryotes that respond to a wide range of external signals. When a ligand binds to a GPCR, it triggers a complex chain of events involving G-proteins and second messengers, influencing various cell functions
Metaphase is the stage of mitosis during which the chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate in preparation of separating into two cells. Several things must occur prior to this stage in order for mitosis to be successful. Which of the following is NOT something that occurs before metaphase?
What is: sister chromatids seperating
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is an allosteric enzyme used during glycolysis as a regulator of respiration, inhibited by high levels of ATP, switching off the catalytic pathway so that additional ATP isn't produced until necessary to increase efficiency of the process. This process demonstrates an organism's ability to self-regulate through:
A) positive feedback, because increasing the overall efficiency of glycolysis increases the production of ATP in the long run
B) dynamic homeostasis, because the amount of ATP it needs as its circumstances change is regulated by the enzyme
C) negative feedback, because the inhibition of glycolysis is a response that aims to reduce the amount of ATP being produced through cellular respiration when there is an excess
D) taxis, because this reaction is automatic in the human body and is triggered on its own when there is an imbalance
What is: C, Negative feedback
A researcher is studying a cell that has a mutation in a gene required for proper spindle formation during mitosis. Predict how this mutation might affect the cell's ability to divide.
A) The cell would divide normally because spindle formation is not necessary for mitosis.
B) The cell would undergo apoptosis due to the mutation.
C) The cell would be unable to complete mitosis, leading to cell cycle arrest.
D) The cell would divide into four daughter cells instead of two.
E) The cell would divide faster than normal due to the mutation.
What is: (C) The cell would be unable to complete mitosis, leading to cell cycle arrest.
During development, cells must receive signals that instruct them to differentiate into specific cell types. Which type of cell signaling is most likely to be involved in this process?
A) Endocrine signaling
B) Paracrine signaling
C) Autocrine signaling
D) Juxtacrine signaling
E) Intracellular signaling
What is: (D) Juxtacrine signaling
What is most likely to happen to an animal's target cells that lack receptors for local regulators?
A) They might compensate by receiving nutrients via a factor.
B) They could develop normally in response to neurotransmitters instead.
C) They could divide but never reach full size.
D) They might not be able to multiply in response to growth factors from nearby cells.
E) Hormones would not be able to interact with target cells.
What is: (D) They might not be able to multiply in response to growth factors from nearby cells.
A scientist measures each of the following in animal cells: chlorophylls, organelle density, picograms of DNA, and enzymatic activity. Which would you expect to increase from M1 to G1
What is: Chlorophyll and Cell walls
An animal tends to pant, sweat, or shiver to control its temperature. This animal is likely an ______ and is participating in _______.
A. Ectotherm; counter current exchange
B. Endotherm; negative feedback
C. Ectotherm; thermoregulation
D. Endotherm; thermoregulation
What is: D, endotherm thermoregulation
A certain species of plant is known to have a higher number of chromosomes in its somatic cells compared to most other plants. How might this affect the process of mitosis in this species?
A) Mitosis would occur at a slower rate.
B) Mitosis would require more energy.
C) Mitosis would result in cells with more genetic variation.
D) Mitosis would require the formation of a more complex spindle apparatus.
E) Mitosis would result in daughter cells with more chromosomes.
What is: (D) Mitosis would require the formation of a more complex spindle apparatus.
Compare and contrast the roles of protein kinases and phosphatases in cell signaling pathways.
A) Both enzymes are involved in amplifying the signal, but protein kinases add phosphate groups to proteins, while phosphatases remove phosphate groups.
B) Both enzymes are involved in terminating the signal, but protein kinases add phosphate groups to proteins, while phosphatases remove phosphate groups.
C) Both enzymes are involved in amplifying the signal, but protein kinases remove phosphate groups from proteins, while phosphatases add phosphate groups.
D) Both enzymes are involved in terminating the signal, but protein kinases remove phosphate groups from proteins, while phosphatases add phosphate groups.
E) Both enzymes are involved in amplifying the signal, but protein kinases add phosphate groups to proteins, while phosphatases add phosphate groups.
What is: (B) Both enzymes are involved in terminating the signal, but protein kinases add phosphate groups to proteins, while phosphatases remove phosphate groups.
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that helps control muscle contraction. This neurotransmitter functions differently depending on which type of muscle it interacts with. For example, acetylcholine promotes muscle contraction in skeletal muscle but inhibits contraction in heart muscle.
Which of the following best explains why acetylcholine leads to different cellular responses in skeletal and heart muscle?
A) Acetylcholine binds to more receptors in skeletal muscle than in heart muscle.
What is: (C) acetylcholine binds to different types of receptors in skeletal and heart muscle.