Immune System
What is one chemical signal that is released during an inflammatory response?
Histamines or prostaglandins
Which hormone is released during childbirth?
Oxytocin
What is the lymphatic system?
It is the interconnected system of spaces and vessels between body tissues and organs by which lymph circulates throughout the body.
What is an example of positive feedback?
Giving birth
What is blood type considered the universal donor? What is/are the possible genotype(s)?
Type O; OO or IOIO
What is the purpose of a fever?
Fevers are induced when a local response to a pathogen is not enough to inhibit its growth/stop its effects. Fevers raise the temperature of the body to stop bacterial growth and repair damaged tissues.
What is the function of calcitonin?
Reduces calcium levels in the blood by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, cells responsible for breaking down bone and decreases the resorption of calcium in the kidneys
What is the function of phagocytes?
It allow lysosomes to fuse with the vesicles that contain the ingested bacteria and viruses.
What type of feedback loop do insulin and glucagon work in?
Negative Feedback Loop
What do B cells secrete?
antibodies
In the immune system, what is the second "line" of defense against incoming pathogens?
Broad internal defenses such as leukocytes or an inflammatory response
In the face of a bear, Johnny feels his heart rate and breathing increase and is able to run away with his life. Which hormone is responsible for these somatic responses to the bear?
What is epinephrine/norepinephrine?
Names 5 types of T cells
An example of negative feedback is the regulation of salt concentration of blood in the kidney tubules. What hormone regulates this process?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
What is the autoimmune disease immune system attacks healthy cells by mistake?
Lupus
Which protein induces cell lysis (apoptosis?)
Perforin
Which part if the brain is responsible for releasing and inhibiting hormones by regulating the anterior pituitary gland?
What is the hypothalamus
What is secreted from the thymus and what does it influence?
Thymosin is secreted and it influences the maturation of T lymphocytes once they leave the thymus.
Is this negative or positive feedback? A rise in estrogen during menstrual cycle increases the number of progesterone receptors in the uterus.
This is positive feedback.
What is the process by which Phagocytes migrate to sites of inflammation?
Chemotaxis
What is the difference between a T-Cell and a B-Cell?
T-Cells are a part of the cellular response system and attack invaded cells while B-Cells are a part of the humoral response system which attacks pathogens still circulating in blood & lymph.
How do peptide hormones function?
They bind to the receptor cell on the target cell and cause a signal transduction pathway to occur inside the cell. This leads to the production of a specific protein/molecule to be produces.
When does tissue fluid become lymph?
The tissue fluid becomes lymph once it has entered a lymphatic capillary; lymph formation depends on tissue fluid formation.
What distinguishes autoregulation from extrinsic regulation?
Autoregulation occurs when the activities of a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system change automatically. Extrinsic regulation from the activities of the nervous or endocrine systems. It causes more extensive and potentially more effective adjustments in activities.
HLA antigens are likely to lead to the development of which autoimmune disease
Celiac Disease