Enzymes
A class of macromolecules to which enzymes belong.
What is proteins?
This term describes organisms, like animals and fungi, that must obtain energy by consuming other living or dead organic matter, as they cannot produce their own food.
What is a heterotroph?
These two popular mnemonics are used to recall the definitions of the processes that occur simultaneously during a redox reaction, specifically, which atom loses electrons and which atom gains electrons.
What is OIL RIG?
This is the approximate number of ATP molecules generated per glucose molecule from the energy harnessed by the Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis, making it the most productive stage of aerobic respiration.
What is 26-28 ATP?
This type of fermentation occurs in your muscles after intense exercise.
A type of inhibition in which the end product of a metabolic pathway can act as an inhibitor to an early enzyme in the same pathway
What is feedback inhibition?
This group of organisms, including plants and algae, is essential to most ecosystems as they produce their own organic nutrients, typically through photosynthesis.
What is an autotroph?
This is the process where the cell's energy currency transfers a phosphate group and free energy to another molecule, making an otherwise energetically unfavorable reaction possible.
The converstion of ADP to ATP
This molecule has the highest affinity for electrons and is the final electron acceptor at the end of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC).
What is O2?
Final product of alcohol fermentation.
What is ethanol?
This law of nature states that all spontaneous processes increase the total entropy, or disorder, of the universe, meaning energy transformations always result in some energy becoming unusable for work
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
In the light reactions of photosynthesis, this common substance is split to replace the electrons lost by Photosystem II, which ultimately provides the electrons that reduce NADP+
What is water?
This is the net number of adenosine triphosphate molecules produced from the breakdown of one glucose molecule during glycolysis.
What is 2 ATP?
This metabolic process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate.
What is glycolysis?
Identify the stage of respiration that is directly affected by the lack of oxygen.
What is the ETC?
These non-protein organic molecules, often derived from vitamins, are essential for some enzymes to function, serving as temporary carriers of atoms or groups during a reaction.
What is coenzymes?
These two low-energy molecules are regenerated in the stroma from the high-energy products, ATP and NADPH, and must return to the thylakoid membrane to be re-energized by light.
What is ADP +P and NADP+?
This phenomenon, which powers ATP synthase, is established by the pumping of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane using the energy released by electrons traveling down the Electron Transport Chain.
What is a proton gradient?
This specific internal compartment of the mitochondrion is the location where the acetyl-CoA generated from pyruvate is fully oxidized to CO2 during the Citric Acid Cycle.
What is the mitochondrial matrix?
Electron carrier that is recycled during fermentation.
What is NAD+/NADH?
This type of reversible inhibition is characterized by an inhibitor molecule mimicking the substrate and competing for the enzyme's active site, an effect that can be overcome by increasing the concentration of the true substrate.
What is competitive inhibition?
These two energy-carrying molecules, one providing chemical energy and the other providing reducing power in the form of high-energy electrons, are created on the thylakoid membrane and power the conversion of CO2 into sugar.
What is ATP and NADPH?
The free phosphate group can move into another molecule to provide energy in a process known as what?
What is phosphorylation?
These two molecules are the primary high-energy electron carriers generated during the Citric Acid Cycle that will later donate their electrons to the ETC.
What is NADH and FADH2?
This is the metabolic process that immediately follows glycolysis in the absence of oxygen, resulting in the production of lactic acid or ethanol and CO2 to regenerate NAD+.
What is fermentation?