Enzyme Function
An enzyme that normally functions in the saliva would function most efficiently at which environmental temperature and pH?
weak acid to neutral pH, body temperature
competitive inhibition
Photosynthesis occurs in which general part of the chloroplast?
Thylakoid
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytosol
organisms that conduct lactic acid fermentation include (name at least two)
certain fungi and bacteria, humans
At the end of functioning in catalysis, is the enzyme molecule altered from its formation prior to when catalysis began?
No, enzymes can be recycled for this reason
What is the name of the process when a molecule binds to a location other than the active site of an enzyme, preventing the substrate from binding?
allosteric inhibition
Identify the different types of light absorbing pigments in plants.
Chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, Carotenoids
What does ATP synthase do?
conducts chemiosmosis (synthesizes ATP by using the proton gradient available)
which organisms conduct alcohol fermentation (name at least two)
yeast (a fungus) and some bacteria
When substrate is chemically bound to active sight, the overall combination of enzyme and substrate is referred to as
the enzyme-substrate complex
Would changing synthesis and degradation of enzymes influence catalysis? Explain
Yes, for a given amount of substrate, the more functional enzyme present, the faster the reaction will get to equilibrium.
photosynthetic cyanobacteria (blue green algae) were the first photosynthetic organisms. oxygen is a byproduct of their photosynthesis.
In the presence of oxygen, how is most ATP generated? Is it by substrate-level phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation? Explain your answer using these terms correctly.
Oxidative Phosphorylation. The final electron acceptor in the ETC is oxygen. The proton gradient generated by the ETC is used to make most of the ATP via the use of ATP Synthase.
The point of fermentation is essentially to
replenish NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue
What does it mean for an enzyme to be saturated?
All active sites on all molecules of the enzyme are active (being used for catalysis). At the saturation point of the enzyme, adding more substrate will not make the overall formation of product occur at a higher rate.
What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?
An inhibitor that does not directly compete with the substrate for the active sight.
ATP and NADPH
There is a proton gradient involved in cellular respiration. Specifically, this gradient exists across which membrane?
the inner mitochondrial membrane
In our class demo on fermentation, why was more gaseous byproduct produced in the bottle containing sugar than in the bottle containing no sugar (provide a biological explanation based upon the specifics of fermentation)
glycolysis is the breakdown of sugar. NAD+ is required for glycolysis, but sugar is also required for glycolysis.
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by what thermodynamic mechanism?
lowering the activation energy required
What is the name of the process when a molecule binds to a location other than the active site of an enzyme, making it more likely that the substrate binds?
Allosteric Activation
Why do plants appear green?
The citric acid cycle has three major essential products: NADH, FADH2, and ATP. What nonessential metabolic byproduct is common to both alcohol fermentation and the citric acid cycle?
carbon dioxide
Discuss the fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen in humans. Discuss the fate of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen in humans.
In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA to enter the citric acid cycle. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate enters fermentation.