CHAPTER 1
Chromosomes contain a cell’s ____________ in the form of ___.
genetic material
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
How many electrons can be held in the 1st, 2nd, & 3rd electron shell?
2, 8, and 8
The pH of a solution can range from 0 to 14. 14 being most the _____ and 0 being most ______.
What is the pH of normal human blood?
Basic, acidic
~7.4 (Just a little more basic from neutral.)
Nucelotides consists of Sugar + Base + Phosphate group.
What are the 5 possible bases?
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)
What is the difference between intercellular, intra cellular, and extracellular?
Extracellular (EC) – The environment surrounding cells.
Intracellular (IC) – The environment within a cell. 3.
Intercellular – Between two or more cells.
What is the title and year of Darwin’s publication?
On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
What is the difference between a Stable atom versus an Unstable atom?
Stable atoms have a full valence electron shell, Unstable atoms do not.
List the 4 properties of water.
1. Cohesion Behavior
2. High heat capacity
3. Solid is less dense than liquid form
4. Water is a solvent
List the molecules that form a phospholipid. What is a phospholipids reaction to water?
1 Glycerol + 2 Fatty acids + 1 Phosphate group + 1 polar head group.
Hydrophilic
What is the difference between a “Free ribosome” versus a “Fixed ribosome”? What do all ribosomes do?
Free are located in the cytosol.
Fixed are attached to the Rough ER.
They synthesize proteins.
List the 3 domains of life and an example of each.
Bacteria - E.coli & S.aureus
Archaea - Halophiles & Thermophiles
Eukarya - Amoeba, molds, yeast, mammals, plants
What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?
Compounds consist of two or more unstable atoms held together by a chemical bond resulting in a new chemical with characteristics very different from the individual elements.
How do acids and bases affect the H+ in a solution?
Acids - releases (gives) H+ to a solution
Bases - removes H+ from a solution
Describe the 2 types of chemical reactions that form and break covalent bonds between atoms of Carbon.
Dehydration synthesis – Synthesizing (Forming) a covalent bond between 2 atoms resulting in the release of a single water molecule.
Hydrolysis – Using a single water molecule to break a covalent bond between two atoms.
List the compounds that form the cell (plasma) membrane of an animal cell.
Phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol
Describe the organelle level and where it lays within the biological hierarchy.
Consists of a combination of different chemical structures that form organelles such as the nucleus.
#10, after cellular and before chemical/molecular
What is the difference between a polar covalent bond and a non-polar covalent bond? Give an example of each.
Non-polar covalent bond – The equal sharing of e- between atoms. Ex: CH4
Polar covalent bond – The unequal sharing of e- between atoms that results in a partial (+) charge on one atom and a partial (-) charge on another atom. One atom (Electronegative atom) will pull the e- of another atom towards it without breaking the chemical bond. Ex: H20
Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of only _____ and ________ bonded by a ____________ bond.
Carbon, hydrogen
Single-covalent
List the names of the monomers and polymers for carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrate - Monosaccharide / Polysaccharide
Protein - Amino Acid / Polypeptide
Nucleic Acid - Nucleotide / Polynucleotide
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
List the compounds that form the cytoskeleton.
Supports cell shape and involved in cellular transport of molecules.
Consists of microtubules and microfilaments.
List the 7 common properties (Traits) of all living organisms.
1. Evolutionary Adaptation
2. Response to Environment (Stimuli)
3. Reproduction
4. Growth and development
5. Energy processing
6. Regulation
7. Order
Describe how the three types of chemical bonds are formed.
Ionic - formed between two oppositely charged atoms called ions: cat is +, anion is -
Covalent - formed by the sharing of e-
Hydrogen - formed between a partial positive (+) charged H atom and a partial negative (-) charged O or N atoms
Describe the 3 types of isomers
Structural isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms.
Cis-trans isomers have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements.
Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other.
Describe the four levels of protein structure.
(Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, & Quaternary)
Primary Structure - is its unique sequence of amino acids used to synthesize a polypeptide. This is determined by inherited genetic information.
Secondary Structure - consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain. The coils and folds of secondary structure result from hydrogen bonds.
Tertiary Structure - determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups).
Quaternary Structure - results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains
What are the 4 functions of the ECM, it's chemical makeup, and it's relationship to CAMs?
Support, Adhesion, Movement, & Regulation
The Extracellular Matrix is made up of glycoproteins such as collagen and fibronectin.
ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins (CAMs).