Vocab
This term refers to DNA in its most condensed form
What is a chromosome?
Each eukaryotic cell must go through ________ different checkpoints called:
What is 'three; called G1, G2, and the spindle checkpoints?'
This is another term for the creation of gametes
What is gametogenesis?
During this phase, the cell makes a second copy of its DNA instructions
What is synthesis (S) phase?
These spherical proteins are used to help DNA compact on itself
What are histone proteins?
These are the criteria a cell must meet to pass the spindle checkpoint
What are 1) all chromosomes present and accounted for and 2) each chromosome is properly attached to spindle apparatus?
This term refers to the process of programmed cell death
What is apoptosis?
These are formed when strands of DNA wrap around spherical histone proteins
What are nucleosomes?
This system is responsible for controlling cellular checkpoints
What is the immune system?
The immune system does the majority of its work during this time
What is 'during sleep?'
Briefly define asexual reproduction
What is 'the process or reproducing a cell or organism that only requires genetic information from one individual?'
List the three major things that occur during prophase, prophase I, and phrophase II
What are 1) nuclear envelope(s) dissolves, 2) chromatin condenses into some type of chromosome, and 3) spindle apparatus forms?
This is the basic definition of sexual reproduction
What is 'the reproduction of cells or organisms that requires the genetic information from two individuals?'
These are the criteria a cell must meet to pass the G1 checkpoing
What is 1) correct cell size, 2) enough nutrients and growth factors, and 3) no mistakes made during M phase?
These are the three major criteria a cell must pass to get through the G2 checkpoint
What are 1) no mistakes made in S phase, 2) correct cell size, 3) all organelles are doubled?
Briefly define the process of budding
Briefly explain the difference between germ cells and gametes
What is 'germ cells are immature reproductive cells that have not gone through meiosis; gametes are mature reproductive cells that are ready to participate in fertilization?'
This term refers only to a mature sperm or egg cell
What is a gamete?
This is why identical twins are considered 'natural clones'
What is 'because they started out as a single fertilized embryo and are genetically identical at birth?'
This type of genetic material is divided in mitosis
What are replicated chromosomes (divided into chromatids)?
List four similarities between meiosis and mitosis
What are 1) both occur during M phase, 2) both have spindle checkpoints, 3) both use a spindle apparatus, 4) both occur in sexually-reproducing eukaryotes, 5) PMAT + cytokinesis, 6) both divide replicated chromosomes?
List five distinctive differences we see in mitosis
What are 1) only somatic cells go through mitosis, 2) mitosis has one round of cell division, 3) mitosis conserves genetic information, 4) no homologous chromosomes appear in mitosis, 5) no crossing over occurs, 6) cells in mitosis continue dividing throughout the life of the organism, 7) form of asexual reproduction/cloning, 8) ensures the survival of an individual organism, 9) end result is 2 genetically identical, diploid cells?
Explain the difference between an individual chromosome, a replicated chromosome, and a pair of homologous chromosomes:
What is '1) an individual chromosome is a 'single blob' and humans inherit 23 from each parent; 2) replicated chromosomes are 'double blobs' and they are present after the cells goes through S phase, and 3) homologous chromosomes are pairs of replicated chromosomes that carry the same genes in the same order?'
List all five phases of the eukaryotic cell life cycle AND all checkpoints that occur during this life cycle
What are 1) M phase, 2) G1, 3) S phase, 4) G2, 5) G0 and the checkpoints are referred to as 1) G1 checkpoint, 2) G2 checkpoint, and 3) Metaphase/spindle checkpoint
These are five ways the meiosis is distinctly different than mitosis
What are 1) only germ cells go through meiosis, 2) has two rounds of cell division, 3) meiosis mixes up genetic information, 4) homologous chromosomes appear in meiosis, 5) crossing over occurs in meiosis, 6) germ cells only go through meiosis one time, 7) ensures the survival of an entire species, 8) end result is 4 genetically different, haploid cells, 9) form of sexual reproduction?